WEBVTT NOTE duration:"00:52:31.2020000" NOTE language:en-us NOTE Confidence: 0.80338180065155 b2ce851a-db9e-4754-b665-8719ed0e9931 00:00:00.960 --> 00:00:04.997 Hi, Lawrentians.  And a special shout out to my very own NOTE Confidence: 0.80338180065155 843486ce-af9b-418a-b231-03efd5699bbd 00:00:04.997 --> 00:00:08.300 Freshman Studies section. Before we get into Tom Seeley's NOTE Confidence: 0.80338180065155 3b0a4daf-6f8d-43cf-9941-68724dcf9f33 00:00:08.300 --> 00:00:11.970 Honeybee Democracy, I want to take a moment to introduce NOTE Confidence: 0.80338180065155 6cd7c996-6e6e-4b7e-82c2-4062e4facd02 00:00:11.970 --> 00:00:16.007 myself. My name is Alyssa Hakes, and I'm an Associate Professor NOTE Confidence: 0.80338180065155 a75f1a69-add4-44ae-830d-602d872c1e7b 00:00:16.007 --> 00:00:17.842 of Biology right here at NOTE Confidence: 0.852667927742004 b404c60c-0011-47b3-94d3-1d6cba8e9d32 00:00:17.842 --> 00:00:22.970 Lawrence. I am an ecologist and I study plant-insect NOTE Confidence: 0.852667927742004 17c290c2-a28d-4321-ac65-28f6d928a610 00:00:22.970 --> 00:00:27.200 interactions. My work has been published in several scientific NOTE Confidence: 0.852667927742004 cb897871-b811-4035-b340-fc6b35993f1b 00:00:27.200 --> 00:00:30.960 journals, including the American Journal of Botany, Ecology, NOTE Confidence: 0.852667927742004 657212c0-e545-403e-aa24-646f67150ffe 00:00:30.960 --> 00:00:35.190 Global Ecology and Conservation, and the International Journal of NOTE Confidence: 0.852667927742004 f62bbf47-349a-49e5-a388-7b32d371c1be 00:00:35.190 --> 00:00:39.890 Plant Sciences. My current research: I am studying a rare NOTE Confidence: 0.852667927742004 7a02de83-5819-4faf-9af6-92f96e69478c 00:00:39.890 --> 00:00:45.530 Dune thistle and an invasive insect, which I like to call the NOTE Confidence: 0.852667927742004 aaed41b9-27cf-454b-a31a-ddc17751c4df 00:00:45.530 --> 00:00:48.350 "evil weevil," that is eating this NOTE Confidence: 0.849123775959015 a2c9d49b-38ee-450d-b52c-3ded17994ace 00:00:48.350 --> 00:00:50.234 plant's seeds and threatening NOTE Confidence: 0.882909536361694 b8b3de69-851f-47e8-8b67-75b342ad9457 00:00:50.234 --> 00:00:55.550 its extinction. So how did I decide to take this career path? NOTE Confidence: 0.882909536361694 361e39b7-72cd-4a56-83cc-eb5943054aae 00:00:55.550 --> 00:00:59.762 When I was growing up I was always into nature and biology, NOTE Confidence: 0.882909536361694 051aea35-87a7-4a94-8aac-ad5cf7d5e45d 00:00:59.762 --> 00:01:04.325 but plants and insects were not my obsession at the time. But as NOTE Confidence: 0.882909536361694 570d762c-d1e5-402c-937b-711d483fdf1f 00:01:04.325 --> 00:01:08.888 fate would have it, when I was a college student, I decided to NOTE Confidence: 0.882909536361694 58a0fab7-2521-4db2-8968-54c2591e86de 00:01:08.888 --> 00:01:12.749 register for a class in Entomology. And the reason why I NOTE Confidence: 0.882909536361694 70ffbeac-0c6b-4d7e-8d35-b7eb3a4adaa6 00:01:12.749 --> 00:01:16.961 wanted to take this class was because I had heard that the NOTE Confidence: 0.882909536361694 83438fb7-2de9-4f3f-80d6-2ef69bce34a6 00:01:16.961 --> 00:01:20.822 professor who teaches that class was the brother of actor Tom NOTE Confidence: 0.882909536361694 175538b5-681f-45f7-ab47-98a065e0ceba 00:01:20.822 --> 00:01:22.226 Hanks, which is true. NOTE Confidence: 0.889304637908936 53d870b3-9cdd-4a04-b270-6570ee0180d6 00:01:22.830 --> 00:01:27.419 But even though that might be a silly reason to sign up for NOTE Confidence: 0.889304637908936 ab9b9774-30e6-4605-a1eb-3aa0631497fd 00:01:27.419 --> 00:01:30.949 a class, the more I started taking other classes in NOTE Confidence: 0.889304637908936 56c6452b-322c-4269-89b0-0cdbb1ead02d 00:01:30.949 --> 00:01:34.126 insect biology and plant biology, I realized that I NOTE Confidence: 0.889304637908936 e7315d2d-2d4c-49a3-b029-72402dcb0040 00:01:34.126 --> 00:01:38.715 had a lot of questions about them, and I will leave it to NOTE Confidence: 0.889304637908936 7fc6fded-565f-4a2a-b461-37ee1ab64cd8 00:01:38.715 --> 00:01:41.892 Seeley to show us how wondering about something can NOTE Confidence: 0.889304637908936 1721957c-308b-4af3-9634-cbcd92324a98 00:01:41.892 --> 00:01:44.363 take us down unexpected paths in life. NOTE Confidence: 0.888261497020721 3e73a650-fb91-4a76-8684-f59d055b8cb9 00:01:45.700 --> 00:01:49.990 In today's talk, I will argue that we can draw inspiration NOTE Confidence: 0.888261497020721 b32cb2c2-b706-4d62-9c81-17c8ac15a232 00:01:49.990 --> 00:01:53.890 from Seeley's work. It may even help us approach a NOTE Confidence: 0.888261497020721 a938e96a-1498-46c2-9cbc-f8e5d19f3220 00:01:53.890 --> 00:01:56.620 liberal arts education right here at Lawrence. NOTE Confidence: 0.84491091966629 c6351faf-583e-4378-bd80-77bc73e78dea 00:01:58.430 --> 00:02:02.990 By now you have read the first few chapters of the book, NOTE Confidence: 0.84491091966629 1976fd28-d925-412b-80f5-35e8a5b8d942 00:02:02.990 --> 00:02:06.410 which means that you are already familiar with the NOTE Confidence: 0.84491091966629 e8eca6be-a34e-4d51-8d21-0ff7066f222c 00:02:06.410 --> 00:02:10.590 author, Tom Seeley, and with the subject of his decades of NOTE Confidence: 0.84491091966629 6fc67b8c-d188-4d38-8f67-c552fbd56315 00:02:10.590 --> 00:02:14.010 research - Apis mellifera, which he describes as NOTE Confidence: 0.84491091966629 5863d5b5-bf78-4ee4-9225-d35e5b55ce0e 00:02:14.010 --> 00:02:16.670 "the best-known insect on the planet." NOTE Confidence: 0.837545037269592 bab51f3d-12c4-4bb6-9ed9-89be17f1e177 00:02:18.810 --> 00:02:22.758 I will begin this lecture with the broader question of why we NOTE Confidence: 0.837545037269592 85440bef-1337-4b62-b8f5-c9628ce415d6 00:02:22.758 --> 00:02:25.719 are reading Thomas Seeley's Honeybee Democracy as a Freshman NOTE Confidence: 0.914133369922638 933d0de9-65d9-4f63-a657-80620e7c4af5 00:02:25.719 --> 00:02:31.110 Studies work. Next, we will explore the various types of NOTE Confidence: 0.914133369922638 082d137d-ae24-4183-a71e-c335f703daf1 00:02:31.110 --> 00:02:34.750 scientific discoveries and consider what makes a NOTE Confidence: 0.914133369922638 68e4e91e-7072-4434-b82a-1a6bb8af8117 00:02:34.750 --> 00:02:35.790 discovery important. NOTE Confidence: 0.866614580154419 6bbe4ad8-2969-41ab-8472-1c0eb3e87eb1 00:02:36.970 --> 00:02:41.758 Then I'm going to take a brief detour to talk about Charles NOTE Confidence: 0.866614580154419 f1d448ea-1dd8-4a2d-97d8-0803f5ea45a9 00:02:41.758 --> 00:02:45.748 Darwin and his famous theory of natural selection, because I NOTE Confidence: 0.866614580154419 fd5f640e-ba25-4f52-ac58-4d4e6303427a 00:02:45.748 --> 00:02:50.536 believe that it will pay off in your later class discussions on NOTE Confidence: 0.866614580154419 88274348-930f-4e7b-929b-b40bd1c148d2 00:02:50.536 --> 00:02:52.531 what Seeley calls "swarm smarts." NOTE Confidence: 0.903349161148071 006a559f-f0a2-415d-b797-5245ada0ed7a 00:02:53.310 --> 00:02:59.210 Next we will weigh the costs of curiosity- driven research, NOTE Confidence: 0.903349161148071 39a2ed29-dc71-4b4c-986e-3ad3618b5c80 00:02:59.210 --> 00:03:00.980 using real examples. NOTE Confidence: 0.875089049339294 bd19a45a-cf29-4838-9cfd-681edf140566 00:03:02.330 --> 00:03:06.310 I will close by talking about the realities of uncertainty NOTE Confidence: 0.875089049339294 3745b4cb-282b-4942-9c6c-1cff6e9bc78a 00:03:06.310 --> 00:03:10.290 and failure when doing science, and what we can NOTE Confidence: 0.875089049339294 9299008b-59ea-414d-b741-b7459e16bdd4 00:03:10.290 --> 00:03:14.668 learn from those experiences. Keep an eye out for my little NOTE Confidence: 0.875089049339294 c4647cf9-f71b-4620-96cd-341eb7ba2161 00:03:14.668 --> 00:03:18.648 scout bee on the screen. She will indicate throughout the NOTE Confidence: 0.875089049339294 e57dac0a-9abf-4e3d-9fd3-b7c9543a3773 00:03:18.648 --> 00:03:23.026 talk when we have advanced to another section of the outline. NOTE Confidence: 0.875089049339294 af63f222-062a-43d5-a185-466b8f9c1c03 00:03:23.026 --> 00:03:24.220 Are you ready? NOTE Confidence: 0.921752572059631 0a737e09-fe40-4f35-b8b4-ce93e17f26ab 00:03:24.750 --> 00:03:26.997 I sure hope we have a consensus. NOTE Confidence: 0.908067584037781 48023f2d-306b-4bfe-adc9-0263895dcbb9 00:03:28.470 --> 00:03:32.580 Honeybee Democracy was published in 2010 and is written NOTE Confidence: 0.908067584037781 5d505c3a-4250-40e3-b510-e5506a726275 00:03:32.580 --> 00:03:34.224 for a general audience. NOTE Confidence: 0.889827311038971 0fa55b8f-bac0-4697-803b-d49c1c459b81 00:03:34.760 --> 00:03:39.284 We learn in the prologue that all of the findings on honeybee NOTE Confidence: 0.889827311038971 47ac90f8-99ce-4c91-a71c-f3175039d142 00:03:39.284 --> 00:03:43.054 swarming behavior that are presented in this book have NOTE Confidence: 0.889827311038971 8ca1ba6a-657a-4506-b86c-5791b630d3c5 00:03:43.054 --> 00:03:45.693 been previously published elsewhere for a specialized NOTE Confidence: 0.889827311038971 43e4127b-c635-4265-bc8a-8f53b044b0ab 00:03:45.693 --> 00:03:46.824 audience of scientists. NOTE Confidence: 0.892400681972504 2c1b9961-4c15-424a-a15d-537d41dc740a 00:03:47.580 --> 00:03:51.925 As someone who reads a lot of scientific articles, I was NOTE Confidence: 0.892400681972504 e1c8ffa2-22f7-493a-bcf4-16c1769bfdce 00:03:51.925 --> 00:03:55.480 interested in asking: What is gained by having this NOTE Confidence: 0.892400681972504 c19e9ec3-9a09-4e3c-a93c-02609d1b07cc 00:03:55.480 --> 00:03:58.245 collection of research presented in this format? NOTE Confidence: 0.870738685131073 a277dbd3-e766-461a-81ee-2801a9d1d528 00:04:00.960 --> 00:04:05.294 Seeley notes that until now it's been hard to "see NOTE Confidence: 0.870738685131073 47fe5922-06a8-4e3d-806b-de290be25488 00:04:05.294 --> 00:04:08.840 how each discovery is connected to all the others." NOTE Confidence: 0.875507831573486 014d435d-e015-42e6-bc76-022475429b99 00:04:10.010 --> 00:04:13.650 By compiling years of experiments together in one NOTE Confidence: 0.875507831573486 adb34e9c-c1cd-46bf-a8c6-89c54d2dbad8 00:04:13.650 --> 00:04:18.655 work, Seeley is allowing us to witness the arc of scientific NOTE Confidence: 0.875507831573486 56692e4b-181d-4f35-8056-1ddd54535cbf 00:04:18.655 --> 00:04:21.840 progress. For example, discovering the nest site NOTE Confidence: 0.875507831573486 1e7fc53b-80d8-44a2-bfc6-535667e50629 00:04:21.840 --> 00:04:26.845 preferences of honeybees is a necessary first step that allows NOTE Confidence: 0.875507831573486 5b45e6ea-6cfb-46a7-b4f0-fdccae1e8589 00:04:26.845 --> 00:04:31.395 one to then ask increasingly complex questions like, "How do NOTE Confidence: 0.875507831573486 5dc6e421-a054-4ef8-9d23-cfb2829213c8 00:04:31.395 --> 00:04:34.125 honeybees assess the quality of NOTE Confidence: 0.789739906787872 088a7aa9-9480-41d3-aa4b-6c65f03a4aeb 00:04:34.125 --> 00:04:38.830 sites? Do swarms tend to make good choices about nest sites? NOTE Confidence: 0.930099010467529 0e4d6366-969a-4a9d-819a-7adfe471bd54 00:04:39.480 --> 00:04:41.232 How do they make that decision NOTE Confidence: 0.878822803497314 682f195b-2b44-4f2a-9700-1cedc01650c8 00:04:41.232 --> 00:04:46.570 so well? And what can we humans learn from the bees about NOTE Confidence: 0.878822803497314 cc2fc5cb-19c4-460d-8aae-6839523eaaa6 00:04:46.570 --> 00:04:50.490 decision making?" Before one can tackle the big questions, one NOTE Confidence: 0.878822803497314 dd7070ff-dee5-4edb-9357-189f7be58203 00:04:50.490 --> 00:04:54.802 needs to first establish a body of knowledge to build upon. NOTE Confidence: 0.857840299606323 f4eff276-dcf8-4acc-b0f6-33ef6d8e1380 00:04:56.270 --> 00:05:00.780 I like the way that Seeley highlights the contributions of NOTE Confidence: 0.857840299606323 687f9828-1d19-4ad2-8a31-8dcc29f669c9 00:05:00.780 --> 00:05:04.839 others throughout the book. Key to connecting discoveries is NOTE Confidence: 0.857840299606323 0f7093e3-59d5-4609-8b68-ba7a303d5d6a 00:05:04.839 --> 00:05:09.349 connecting people, so that ideas can be shared, critiqued, and NOTE Confidence: 0.883062362670898 4d211132-f531-46db-82ad-5ea40d0f9927 00:05:09.349 --> 00:05:14.530 built upon. Here is a list of all the people that Seeley NOTE Confidence: 0.883062362670898 324e5302-8f4b-42d2-8590-d29ff6a52f1b 00:05:14.530 --> 00:05:18.446 mentions who have helped make this work possible. We truly get NOTE Confidence: 0.883062362670898 9344d966-b5e0-40b8-b9a8-d5368cbbf0c2 00:05:18.446 --> 00:05:21.294 a sense of the collaborative nature of science. NOTE Confidence: 0.86707478761673 e9160ce5-cb35-4de7-ac0a-7c065b5f8784 00:05:23.480 --> 00:05:27.314 Seeley notes that another motive for writing Honeybee Democracy NOTE Confidence: 0.86707478761673 92189f9e-f973-45bb-a300-7fd684cf25a6 00:05:27.314 --> 00:05:32.852 is to "give a sense of the excitement and challenge of NOTE Confidence: 0.86707478761673 b6f5c493-85de-44d4-ba7e-7a5bac85ad23 00:05:32.852 --> 00:05:36.686 studying bees." To this end he includes numerous personal NOTE Confidence: 0.86707478761673 ec17ad3f-88cd-46ad-920e-78aa7e87b8a4 00:05:36.686 --> 00:05:39.242 events, speculations, and thoughts about conducting NOTE Confidence: 0.86707478761673 1d6a03c2-241f-4918-9f98-5029218183bc 00:05:39.242 --> 00:05:43.928 scientific studies. In other words, Seeley is going to tell us NOTE Confidence: 0.86707478761673 313b5d82-0319-4df2-8166-3bcca0d88466 00:05:43.928 --> 00:05:48.614 stories to help us connect with him to the methods of NOTE Confidence: 0.86707478761673 f4a481be-c2ad-4536-a07a-0ba6bbc835c6 00:05:48.614 --> 00:05:52.448 experimentation and to the knowledge about honeybees that NOTE Confidence: 0.86707478761673 e2d054ce-508e-4cf8-93dd-75d6e4760a5a 00:05:52.448 --> 00:05:53.726 he has helped NOTE Confidence: 0.858471930027008 0bfc8d60-b8fa-4da7-a73c-2bdd1785a918 00:05:53.790 --> 00:05:55.350 bring to light over the years. NOTE Confidence: 0.865672886371613 3fa77f03-b783-47d1-8f8c-d7a34e925181 00:05:56.920 --> 00:06:01.210 What can we learn about the process of science through NOTE Confidence: 0.865672886371613 02a408b1-d03f-40d0-9afc-0a50ebae0b96 00:06:01.210 --> 00:06:04.642 such storytelling? In my opinion, the stories from NOTE Confidence: 0.865672886371613 72520fae-20ef-4a5e-9d2b-d024259d2ace 00:06:04.642 --> 00:06:08.503 Appledore Island show us how scientists watch in wonder NOTE Confidence: 0.865672886371613 04f166fa-551c-421d-aece-37fec2634083 00:06:08.503 --> 00:06:10.219 about the natural world. NOTE Confidence: 0.878862857818604 5a2cbb13-eb02-4e63-b3b3-8eeae19d175c 00:06:11.440 --> 00:06:14.986 And show us how they creatively test their ideas. NOTE Confidence: 0.740326762199402 298ba68b-46ab-4407-b62e-4bce1a7e251f 00:06:15.660 --> 00:06:18.230 Moreover, I believe that Seeley's NOTE Confidence: 0.863387763500214 d04ab9a5-eee3-4739-a211-10771494bd08 00:06:19.010 --> 00:06:24.010 stories show us the merits of curiosity-driven pursuits and NOTE Confidence: 0.863387763500214 213b914d-77e4-4f2d-9de2-4f4e6a8eb255 00:06:24.010 --> 00:06:27.010 teach us important lessons in resiliency. NOTE Confidence: 0.932457029819489 05482671-c9ca-4f8d-979a-64178f1e38a0 00:06:29.080 --> 00:06:34.217 Let's take a moment to consider what constitutes as a "scientific NOTE Confidence: 0.888406574726105 500e377b-4ffa-4c90-b0de-344a10888bba 00:06:34.217 --> 00:06:37.700 discovery." When you hear the phrase "scientific discovery," NOTE Confidence: 0.922940611839294 0cd1ca69-a720-4a4c-9203-dec0ce4f8f58 00:06:38.270 --> 00:06:40.384 what sort of things come to mind? NOTE Confidence: 0.90267276763916 1a181e0e-c739-4210-8b43-2e737b67eedd 00:06:49.740 --> 00:06:53.826 So perhaps you equate a scientific discovery with "new NOTE Confidence: 0.90267276763916 52f73079-5108-4291-85d5-06561070397c 00:06:53.826 --> 00:06:57.912 knowledge," learning something we didn't already know before. This NOTE Confidence: 0.90267276763916 3be95d9e-9e5e-4b87-acf9-494004df7e29 00:06:57.912 --> 00:07:02.452 is what we refer to as Basic Science. Basic Scientists NOTE Confidence: 0.90267276763916 aa12ec98-1606-4b8d-bde5-3b5ec2c8d99d 00:07:02.452 --> 00:07:07.446 conduct research that is driven by their curiosity and desire to NOTE Confidence: 0.90267276763916 792a5463-b1d4-4060-87cc-fc0ff6196adf 00:07:07.446 --> 00:07:09.716 expand the shared body of NOTE Confidence: 0.893820226192474 45e05536-ff23-4c3c-b750-12482798fa82 00:07:09.716 --> 00:07:14.070 knowledge. There may not be an immediate practical use for that NOTE Confidence: 0.893820226192474 beda42b3-5175-4b81-b7f6-68d0415064ce 00:07:14.070 --> 00:07:15.620 knowledge yet, but that's not NOTE Confidence: 0.903278231620789 59d849b0-cf7f-40cf-8c3f-9741663038ff 00:07:15.620 --> 00:07:20.860 the point. For this talk I will describe this type of scientist NOTE Confidence: 0.903278231620789 7220d4bb-cac7-42c9-9efc-c537e9f66ead 00:07:20.860 --> 00:07:22.472 as being "curiosity-driven." NOTE Confidence: 0.906351208686829 fd03fe43-317b-4ec4-a184-5dd6b625325b 00:07:23.830 --> 00:07:27.196 But perhaps you think of a scientific discovery as NOTE Confidence: 0.906351208686829 9e04cffb-c2f5-4087-8188-416ff07c87e7 00:07:27.196 --> 00:07:30.936 something that serves the public good? A new product and NOTE Confidence: 0.906351208686829 50a07721-9ba4-4530-9f0a-12d96db3d46f 00:07:30.936 --> 00:07:32.058 technology that benefits NOTE Confidence: 0.922008872032166 5b38ab5a-6be4-4e48-9d77-4eac6b8540a3 00:07:32.058 --> 00:07:35.848 society. This is what we refer to as Applied Science. NOTE Confidence: 0.905595123767853 9610c693-4e14-4307-bf58-e6f3ac16069a 00:07:36.710 --> 00:07:40.539 Applied Scientists find innovative ways of using NOTE Confidence: 0.905595123767853 bf1fe409-313e-4501-bd62-420dbbccb41b 00:07:40.539 --> 00:07:44.368 established knowledge to contribute to our health, NOTE Confidence: 0.905595123767853 9d5cf091-de27-4ceb-8c9b-1b2ecbd29b7e 00:07:44.368 --> 00:07:46.009 environment, and economic NOTE Confidence: 0.860480785369873 c10218a8-631b-4619-88ce-f3074c363079 00:07:46.009 --> 00:07:50.400 prosperity. For example, right now the world eagerly awaits NOTE Confidence: 0.860480785369873 43cfce00-7444-449f-b0eb-31fd50e4ceff 00:07:50.400 --> 00:07:54.550 news of every new scientific discovery in the fight against NOTE Confidence: 0.908638715744019 db47e1bf-df29-4a99-a24a-aeccbe582454 00:07:54.550 --> 00:07:59.553 COVID-19. For the remainder of this talk, I will describe NOTE Confidence: 0.908638715744019 279dae95-04be-458a-8252-53f5af15a3fc 00:07:59.553 --> 00:08:02.809 this type of Scientist as being "intentionally practical." NOTE Confidence: 0.842771768569946 5cf8ca2a-1d89-4546-a88a-c7a2a05676cd 00:08:03.840 --> 00:08:08.340 Some scientists specialize in either basic or applied science, NOTE Confidence: 0.842771768569946 6c5cc9ce-09e8-4f4a-b6a2-8d80dc6f9109 00:08:08.340 --> 00:08:11.340 although some aim to bridge both NOTE Confidence: 0.823046207427979 4d3d80e7-7474-480e-925c-769b6e1b9798 00:08:11.340 --> 00:08:17.036 spheres. Does Seeley's research seem to be primarily curiosity- NOTE Confidence: 0.823046207427979 4df6468b-7a62-4d1d-9aea-581517fe478a 00:08:17.036 --> 00:08:18.617 driven or intentionally NOTE Confidence: 0.875247359275818 ab855848-4c9b-438f-9e64-a86e6b5a79a6 00:08:18.617 --> 00:08:23.177 practical? Let's look to the text to see how Seeley NOTE Confidence: 0.875247359275818 804ac80c-07a9-44be-be1c-51c80f54c7e0 00:08:23.177 --> 00:08:24.296 describes scientific discovery. NOTE Confidence: 0.820484280586243 6bc7f1de-1144-45b7-b3be-25024feb6d22 00:08:25.780 --> 00:08:32.375 Seeley writes:  "A great scientific discovery is one that gives rise NOTE Confidence: 0.820484280586243 246f2f96-8ecf-42ba-9361-e10989c53811 00:08:32.375 --> 00:08:36.830 to shining insights whose light dispels obscurities, opens up NOTE Confidence: 0.820484280586243 039d194e-1daa-4ca0-9f81-7888278c005e 00:08:36.830 --> 00:08:39.305 new paths, and reveals unknown NOTE Confidence: 0.861023783683777 501196f1-18e4-4d48-a538-dc4a88d4fdc7 00:08:39.305 --> 00:08:44.208 horizons." Discovery is light, illuminating the darkness of the NOTE Confidence: 0.861023783683777 74d705c0-a611-4325-9a67-dc79b1049c62 00:08:44.208 --> 00:08:48.087 unknown. The newly lighted paths may lead to practical NOTE Confidence: 0.861023783683777 7bc35d5f-fecc-4e1d-bde0-4e64b752cb77 00:08:48.087 --> 00:08:51.966 applications, but because we didn't know the paths existed, NOTE Confidence: 0.861023783683777 20ea2fa7-53d3-4d21-b561-a7448b20a54a 00:08:51.966 --> 00:08:53.690 they cannot be intentional. NOTE Confidence: 0.838589727878571 df9bce29-4da4-42e1-bc7f-a784e64dea55 00:08:54.540 --> 00:08:58.743 According to Seeley, discovery is also nourishment. He writes, NOTE Confidence: 0.838589727878571 0f03e5e9-da42-4460-9778-6f891062040d 00:08:58.743 --> 00:09:03.880 "honeybees provide us another great gift, one that feeds our NOTE Confidence: 0.838589727878571 e444fb55-fa83-456d-8836-0515f6846113 00:09:03.880 --> 00:09:06.215 brains rather than our bellies." NOTE Confidence: 0.888181746006012 e1fc2b44-ab13-477f-94bb-db6651c3c73e 00:09:07.580 --> 00:09:13.370 This suggests an inherent life-sustaining need for humans to NOTE Confidence: 0.888181746006012 2087c0ce-a41a-4be9-9b69-c6e5d0a255c5 00:09:13.370 --> 00:09:15.686 learn, imagine, create, and NOTE Confidence: 0.856408596038818 f427e8b4-92ab-4b0f-a718-708d5edfaec2 00:09:15.686 --> 00:09:20.278 explore. But note that it is knowledge itself that NOTE Confidence: 0.856408596038818 4a015f40-8315-4b09-9d23-2746e923f3de 00:09:20.278 --> 00:09:23.566 nourishes, and not the new and practical product resulting NOTE Confidence: 0.856408596038818 d43e96a3-7d84-4dd6-be56-96e21c1b31c1 00:09:23.566 --> 00:09:24.799 from that knowledge. NOTE Confidence: 0.828607618808746 b40c36cd-2b85-454c-b536-564f3726c7ec 00:09:26.570 --> 00:09:30.430 And discovery is also fun and exciting. Many times throughout NOTE Confidence: 0.828607618808746 9bb24883-63cf-4aec-b398-66bf38578a55 00:09:30.430 --> 00:09:34.676 the work, Seeley revels in the "watching and wondering" phase of NOTE Confidence: 0.828607618808746 7d0a78c3-f2a3-4915-83bb-46bb1ca92b3a 00:09:34.676 --> 00:09:35.834 the scientific method, NOTE Confidence: 0.869650483131409 31b935e6-cb33-48b6-98bb-2b31f139ddba 00:09:36.530 --> 00:09:39.950 where small observations lead to an important piece to a NOTE Confidence: 0.869650483131409 f9d2a468-979e-4558-8eaf-f9e5f6462b0e 00:09:39.950 --> 00:09:43.028 puzzle you didn't even know you were putting together. NOTE Confidence: 0.825341761112213 3fb830a0-ef9e-4578-8b0e-5f8c8a2a5cb2 00:09:44.260 --> 00:09:48.013 He describes memories of "becoming utterly spellbound by NOTE Confidence: 0.825341761112213 a9776844-8ad5-4e4f-9cf6-e05f1d83cc0b 00:09:48.013 --> 00:09:53.851 the bees," and "the thrill I felt a few weeks later when I NOTE Confidence: 0.825341761112213 f6217833-33ec-4dc8-88c2-75e63bfc0b53 00:09:53.851 --> 00:09:56.353 checked the nest box and saw bees." NOTE Confidence: 0.871772706508636 27fcc9ae-f7af-46d2-ac31-7caee7a568c6 00:09:56.950 --> 00:10:00.660 But this was exciting because it indicated that his experimental NOTE Confidence: 0.871772706508636 0e1086d7-2c14-4408-a956-7d03d0e58303 00:10:00.660 --> 00:10:05.483 design had worked. And I would be remiss to leave out perhaps the NOTE Confidence: 0.871772706508636 5c4d406e-ca57-4bf8-8e68-1f1eb468d0c4 00:10:05.483 --> 00:10:08.822 strongest piece of textual evidence for my claim that NOTE Confidence: 0.871772706508636 9da3668c-616f-4cd9-b3e2-2cdc438b6c0d 00:10:08.822 --> 00:10:10.677 scientific discovery is fun. An NOTE Confidence: 0.30405792593956 62d00a71-c9e7-4810-8f6b-c5773f89b6be 00:10:10.677 --> 00:10:12.900 exciting. "Yippee." NOTE Confidence: 0.877416968345642 7d35c650-8b18-4afe-a19d-4db50955b80f 00:10:14.370 --> 00:10:17.850 Notice that many of Seeley's descriptions of scientific NOTE Confidence: 0.877416968345642 a4f2c12d-5cb2-44e6-8f3d-0285e50d4f40 00:10:17.850 --> 00:10:21.765 discovery do not include judgment on the importance of NOTE Confidence: 0.877416968345642 60b3d28e-4221-4b4f-b245-dcd31f9ab636 00:10:21.765 --> 00:10:26.550 this work. Indeed, there are many examples in the text that NOTE Confidence: 0.877416968345642 93c58d89-62da-4b94-93d5-4d013ef129ee 00:10:26.550 --> 00:10:30.465 support the idea that Seeley's true motivation for his NOTE Confidence: 0.865184247493744 6eba756b-67b4-45b6-b3f7-7914225b5b39 00:10:30.465 --> 00:10:34.855 research is his own curiosity and enjoyment of NOTE Confidence: 0.865184247493744 995319e7-8372-4a18-a527-80c44db6aabe 00:10:34.855 --> 00:10:38.735 discovering new knowledge about a unique organism that NOTE Confidence: 0.865184247493744 4ef8ccba-bd91-4b63-a67f-1f896b48a54f 00:10:38.735 --> 00:10:40.190 puzzles and delights him. NOTE Confidence: 0.908648550510406 dc29e174-acd9-4fc6-94ec-67ea7e179135 00:10:41.500 --> 00:10:43.460 But is this research important? NOTE Confidence: 0.898738384246826 8d0ba3c3-da0c-4825-a006-68537647587a 00:10:44.320 --> 00:10:48.576 And who decides whether one's research is important? NOTE Confidence: 0.90960556268692 4c4b3396-492b-4960-99a6-1362b0a29e8e 00:10:49.650 --> 00:10:53.368 Last year, I asked the Freshman Studies students to rank the NOTE Confidence: 0.90960556268692 b1c67be6-def0-4d00-850d-aaa78172e065 00:10:53.368 --> 00:10:56.748 relative merits of five of the research questions presented in NOTE Confidence: 0.90960556268692 6e932f7f-3d60-4f13-ac0b-59961fdaa8a1 00:10:56.748 --> 00:11:00.128 the book before they had a chance to read it. NOTE Confidence: 0.908713817596436 2d977867-9dc2-4510-b718-a339bd969c7b 00:11:00.780 --> 00:11:05.424 I have compiled those data, and in a moment I will report NOTE Confidence: 0.908713817596436 d50cd453-c885-4fec-92e1-a57920f83fd7 00:11:05.424 --> 00:11:08.133 those results using a very unscientific visual. NOTE Confidence: 0.894477307796478 0ee51b6a-86d3-4b26-9e61-9553a81f9c18 00:11:09.900 --> 00:11:14.842 This is what I did with the data. For each of the five questions, NOTE Confidence: 0.894477307796478 fc34d87a-27f1-4e54-b0d4-d19d2b58c3e7 00:11:14.842 --> 00:11:18.019 I calculated the percentage of Freshman Studies sections that NOTE Confidence: 0.894477307796478 ee266fd9-816a-4f02-b3e6-507216bc3965 00:11:18.019 --> 00:11:20.137 ranked it to be the most NOTE Confidence: 0.837999105453491 29ad281d-7b91-4bb1-9401-5a5a7ddaff01 00:11:20.137 --> 00:11:26.010 important question. Here are the five top--the top five answers NOTE Confidence: 0.837999105453491 bd276613-1876-4888-bc30-f7ac16d4dc25 00:11:26.010 --> 00:11:28.050 from 2019. Survey says! NOTE Confidence: 0.903962314128876 f7eb3489-d713-484b-b7fd-7dee62bdce21 00:11:30.260 --> 00:11:35.516 So the question of "How can human groups make better decisions on NOTE Confidence: 0.903962314128876 d34c9068-aaaa-460a-8fad-66852a924127 00:11:35.516 --> 00:11:39.896 important issues" was ranked most important in 50% of those NOTE Confidence: 0.916899800300598 440dd889-c121-4370-8907-16271e38091d 00:11:39.896 --> 00:11:45.193 classes. I suspect it might have been even higher this year given NOTE Confidence: 0.916899800300598 abbc21d4-54d2-4fda-8433-6c5eed4369cb 00:11:45.193 --> 00:11:49.549 the need for applied science to solve big problems such as a NOTE Confidence: 0.916899800300598 73060fb2-60b5-4d54-afa8-13f2ba979c83 00:11:49.549 --> 00:11:51.001 global pandemic and climate NOTE Confidence: 0.902941226959229 1fbb7322-9478-4fb4-ba46-b9aea2220e47 00:11:51.001 --> 00:11:56.660 change. Unsurprisingly, it seems that many of us value the big NOTE Confidence: 0.902941226959229 d9fd4783-7aac-4092-bf5c-cfee1d7ffe6a 00:11:56.660 --> 00:12:01.210 questions, the ones that are of obvious importance to human NOTE Confidence: 0.838606417179108 69dda488-d501-4afb-a8b3-ec6696810adc 00:12:01.210 --> 00:12:06.515 society. Despite its importance, the question of how humans can NOTE Confidence: 0.838606417179108 f57914d9-48df-4a69-bd98-3abe4209a1f4 00:12:06.515 --> 00:12:11.300 make better decisions is the shortest chapter in the book, and NOTE Confidence: 0.838606417179108 1c278860-41e6-4813-928c-dd6acaa300c6 00:12:11.300 --> 00:12:15.215 in it, Seeley provides the least amount of empirical evidence. NOTE Confidence: 0.882964253425598 ef7a4786-0b98-4d81-8b05-89f6f2169bcf 00:12:15.890 --> 00:12:21.016 Instead, this chapter serves as a proposed model--a framework to NOTE Confidence: 0.882964253425598 bbc0f8d2-6e04-4f92-8101-e2c9063ef3eb 00:12:21.016 --> 00:12:23.812 be used or critiqued in future NOTE Confidence: 0.875939548015594 c4ff8d66-0344-443c-9ac7-11b7a243ee9c 00:12:23.812 --> 00:12:28.708 research. Whereas most of the book is devoted to answering NOTE Confidence: 0.875939548015594 a989bd71-53f8-4b77-9ec7-d2aa4a1bede0 00:12:28.708 --> 00:12:32.828 the questions that only a small percentage of last year's NOTE Confidence: 0.875939548015594 c8c0eebb-65ab-485f-870a-af409f5fba92 00:12:32.828 --> 00:12:36.948 class is ranked as being most important. Many of those NOTE Confidence: 0.875939548015594 3c9c0d73-3016-4b0e-9a94-feaebc47cf77 00:12:36.948 --> 00:12:40.244 students commented that these questions were perhaps less NOTE Confidence: 0.875939548015594 da7c7df1-7fbb-469e-9241-1bdcbaa55274 00:12:40.244 --> 00:12:43.540 worthy of Investigation because of their narrow focus NOTE Confidence: 0.875939548015594 c5cefda5-4717-46aa-a744-0b5d013e199e 00:12:43.540 --> 00:12:47.248 on bees, and lack of clear applications to humans. NOTE Confidence: 0.889140367507935 44d3daa8-0586-4130-9c6a-9c801837f943 00:12:48.660 --> 00:12:52.872 Does this mean that close and careful investigations into NOTE Confidence: 0.889140367507935 e7b08910-ac48-44c1-874e-f26a9075ea46 00:12:52.872 --> 00:12:57.552 narrow questions that are based on puzzling observations are not NOTE Confidence: 0.889140367507935 20cd609f-def0-44c5-92ab-84531dbf3c4f 00:12:57.552 --> 00:12:59.424 worthy of our intellectual NOTE Confidence: 0.903866648674011 88220f09-7823-4cf4-b97d-4129fbfdeb47 00:12:59.424 --> 00:13:04.500 pursuits? On the contrary, this is exactly what we are asking NOTE Confidence: 0.903866648674011 2517047b-52df-44a5-a94c-d1eb7c5fcec1 00:13:04.500 --> 00:13:06.744 you to do in your Freshman NOTE Confidence: 0.851617038249969 3f576f1f-6046-4cc0-8b52-332986c1a2b5 00:13:06.744 --> 00:13:11.300 Studies essays. Careful analysis of a small, puzzling NOTE Confidence: 0.851617038249969 0cf06afb-8b96-4d8d-8c2e-75f8a81b0f45 00:13:11.300 --> 00:13:16.115 observation makes for both good science and good essays. NOTE Confidence: 0.862809181213379 e21d7cad-7ff9-47ad-b308-132a81bcdb20 00:13:18.480 --> 00:13:22.480 Despite our collective first impressions, there is evidence NOTE Confidence: 0.862809181213379 ae6289f6-443a-4246-bcf2-3821b59e7e45 00:13:22.480 --> 00:13:26.980 that curiosity-driven research studying the behavior of honey NOTE Confidence: 0.862809181213379 4277d0b4-6dab-447e-ba78-e2f976a84d2f 00:13:26.980 --> 00:13:30.980 bees is considered prestigious by the highest scientific NOTE Confidence: 0.860657930374146 37b8dd02-7a8a-4631-abee-91630234f7ce 00:13:30.980 --> 00:13:36.610 standards. We learn in chapter one about Karl von Frisch, the NOTE Confidence: 0.860657930374146 2a984e40-f35c-4214-b686-2b86c260582e 00:13:36.610 --> 00:13:40.552 scientist who is credited for first deciphering the coded NOTE Confidence: 0.860657930374146 e11c8af2-c802-4579-aa2e-b3ac02394d65 00:13:40.552 --> 00:13:44.932 waggle dance language of honeybees, and spent his career NOTE Confidence: 0.860657930374146 b1415b8f-ef4e-49cb-b189-986325615649 00:13:44.932 --> 00:13:47.560 studying their sensory perception and navigation NOTE Confidence: 0.876958668231964 f82e0868-7025-423b-888b-5b53007dce1c 00:13:47.560 --> 00:13:52.004 abilities. And he did all this while wearing lederhosen, which NOTE Confidence: 0.876958668231964 bfcc537c-4241-4f8a-8db4-4a3b92917a45 00:13:52.004 --> 00:13:53.012 is extra impressive. NOTE Confidence: 0.882532238960266 f0d87192-bdf8-445d-9e08-d9586f8310cc 00:13:54.510 --> 00:13:59.020 The legacy of his discoveries were deemed so important that NOTE Confidence: 0.882532238960266 15ad262d-9748-4afa-b587-9d89ff215d2a 00:13:59.020 --> 00:14:04.432 von Frisch was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1973. Now, be honest, NOTE Confidence: 0.882532238960266 28be57c1-9172-41d7-a31e-3ac6841940af 00:14:04.432 --> 00:14:09.393 were you surprised to learn that this discovery was awarded such NOTE Confidence: 0.891444206237793 e7ec96ef-f249-48f8-8c73-485d97e3f152 00:14:09.393 --> 00:14:14.014 an honor? Especially if we consider that there is no NOTE Confidence: 0.891444206237793 fb748e0f-3211-471f-a5e0-ebc676ec8b67 00:14:14.014 --> 00:14:18.282 Nobel Prize category for the study of insects, much to my NOTE Confidence: 0.891444206237793 df92282e-fe2b-46c5-80c7-7aa62c3427c4 00:14:18.282 --> 00:14:19.446 own professional dismay. NOTE Confidence: 0.864473819732666 d0a73329-2000-4f45-9900-39adb61b50d9 00:14:20.800 --> 00:14:24.584 So do you know which Nobel Prize category von Frisch won? NOTE Confidence: 0.862739264965057 34fc6b43-38fb-43ec-93e9-fa14ec199155 00:14:25.890 --> 00:14:30.552 It was Physiology and Medicine. Isn't that interesting? The NOTE Confidence: 0.862739264965057 d3a15ccb-3ae9-4329-b68f-4302cddc6477 00:14:30.552 --> 00:14:35.214 Nobel committee states that their prize motivation for von NOTE Confidence: 0.862739264965057 ff157f4a-9bd6-4f93-8029-ac503fbc385f 00:14:35.214 --> 00:14:39.876 Frisch and colleagues was "for their discoveries concerning NOTE Confidence: 0.862739264965057 44f3b5c1-66f1-4847-a746-562ca9d4e30d 00:14:39.876 --> 00:14:44.020 organization and elicitation of individual and social behavior." NOTE Confidence: 0.869082093238831 f2261a1c-a178-4cd9-96b8-27f4549538da 00:14:46.160 --> 00:14:50.680 Seeley writes, "one thing that makes studying honeybees NOTE Confidence: 0.869082093238831 69ba1462-fa66-49d3-9146-9159b7a591ac 00:14:50.680 --> 00:14:55.200 so enjoyable is the way that what is learned through NOTE Confidence: 0.869082093238831 f4963c2f-7971-4d82-93d6-c8ee0fe09782 00:14:55.200 --> 00:14:59.720 curiosity-driven research often turns out, unexpectedly, to NOTE Confidence: 0.869082093238831 796d7f64-ea08-4cac-87b3-e6fa32059dbb 00:14:59.720 --> 00:15:01.528 have real practical value." NOTE Confidence: 0.839542388916016 c36a9bb5-a72b-46aa-900e-c3d4b04f3e6c 00:15:02.730 --> 00:15:07.713 The knowledge of bees in a hive communicating through a language NOTE Confidence: 0.839542388916016 885e02c8-d04b-4970-93ba-004b53f5be65 00:15:07.713 --> 00:15:11.337 of dance turned out to have surprising practical NOTE Confidence: 0.839542388916016 aa0803c2-a96c-4f7e-8f7d-247c5b9dad77 00:15:11.337 --> 00:15:14.961 applications to human physiology, a field seemingly far removed NOTE Confidence: 0.839542388916016 69d720cf-3239-4be4-a8e0-4faacc6892e7 00:15:14.961 --> 00:15:17.226 from the study of insect NOTE Confidence: 0.887014746665955 d186ea87-14ec-455a-b6f2-aa56373bfad1 00:15:17.226 --> 00:15:21.918 societies. But without too much stretching of the imagination, NOTE Confidence: 0.887014746665955 bb030111-d9d3-437a-bd60-5fa2282c2b19 00:15:21.918 --> 00:15:27.090 perhaps you can consider how bees in a hive may be analogous to NOTE Confidence: 0.887014746665955 2da9b7b6-191c-4caf-aff8-8bf0c98793e5 00:15:27.090 --> 00:15:31.400 individual cells in the human body, which must work NOTE Confidence: 0.887014746665955 bc83437a-595d-4d0b-964d-9ca036d5a5d2 00:15:31.400 --> 00:15:35.279 together for the success of the superorganism--the body. NOTE Confidence: 0.836341619491577 897f1ded-1189-4686-95bb-1ade01fd549c 00:15:35.820 --> 00:15:41.434 Seeley writes, "I like to think of a swarm as kind of an NOTE Confidence: 0.836341619491577 3fab4e24-c987-4d54-ad80-49aaf1e1728a 00:15:41.434 --> 00:15:45.043 exposed brain that hangs quietly from a tree branch." NOTE Confidence: 0.85003674030304 76b08258-8bed-49e6-8997-55bf26434936 00:15:45.790 --> 00:15:49.768 And "there are intriguing similarities between neurons and NOTE Confidence: 0.85003674030304 c6743fe8-7785-4389-b92c-e8816b11c9f9 00:15:49.768 --> 00:15:54.188 an beasts and the way they process information to make NOTE Confidence: 0.860787034034729 7e29e65b-7b94-402b-a9c9-0d76b067316c 00:15:54.188 --> 00:15:58.754 decisions." All this transferable knowledge from watching and NOTE Confidence: 0.860787034034729 a69afdca-f95d-4013-b257-ac05a229f96e 00:15:58.754 --> 00:16:00.562 wondering about dancing bees. NOTE Confidence: 0.886053621768951 1267b8d4-5396-4313-86df-7da08362f606 00:16:03.460 --> 00:16:06.420 There is another famous biologist who wondered about NOTE Confidence: 0.886053621768951 3df6a10d-15c7-45f2-88ef-751c4a62c3c6 00:16:06.420 --> 00:16:10.490 honeybees. I'm betting you've all heard of Charles Darwin and NOTE Confidence: 0.886053621768951 fcfc0a59-4ca9-4cb3-844e-2e7f5e4145ab 00:16:10.490 --> 00:16:13.450 his influential book, On the Origin of Species. NOTE Confidence: 0.913918852806091 35024262-e203-47d9-a124-a7c7fbe3dbe7 00:16:14.280 --> 00:16:19.010 Charles Darwin is credited as one of two Western scientists to NOTE Confidence: 0.913918852806091 34897ae1-7c4e-42a4-83b6-f2e03357d9f2 00:16:19.010 --> 00:16:23.740 first describe the process of Natural Selection and how it can NOTE Confidence: 0.913918852806091 0d320a65-de7a-4df9-932f-56f464c1d8d1 00:16:23.740 --> 00:16:25.030 drive evolutionary change. NOTE Confidence: 0.840785205364227 1774e7d6-1da7-489b-87b5-1281a91f9f88 00:16:26.080 --> 00:16:31.744 Like Seeley, Darwin delighted in the "watching and wondering" phase NOTE Confidence: 0.840785205364227 b9c62151-0d0a-493d-9183-9593ddd26645 00:16:31.744 --> 00:16:33.073 of scientific discovery. NOTE Confidence: 0.863653719425201 4feb205c-452f-458c-ba9f-441a5b88b308 00:16:33.650 --> 00:16:38.666 He spent years meticulously measuring slight variations in NOTE Confidence: 0.863653719425201 d14b984c-97f8-472f-a6fe-642cad30c7b7 00:16:38.666 --> 00:16:43.055 size, shape, color traits among individuals across NOTE Confidence: 0.863653719425201 65618157-cb66-4216-a52b-f1cb16f1f5ff 00:16:43.055 --> 00:16:47.444 diverse groups of organisms. These included pigeons, NOTE Confidence: 0.863653719425201 60b79341-21a9-4d11-8258-2e64f0a5ffa0 00:16:47.444 --> 00:16:49.325 finches, orchids, barnacles. NOTE Confidence: 0.877769529819489 20cad908-7d92-4120-aef6-545b994c699c 00:16:50.660 --> 00:16:54.084 Darwin could see that individuals were not always NOTE Confidence: 0.877769529819489 acd647a6-f35e-4279-ba35-c2fe84e4f45e 00:16:54.084 --> 00:16:57.508 alike, and that their physical or behavioral characteristics NOTE Confidence: 0.877769529819489 61e6413a-485d-46bb-8cf8-eb9d8f6cb1bc 00:16:57.508 --> 00:17:00.076 varied in some minor or major NOTE Confidence: 0.871665179729462 f1a6ba3d-9b9b-46ba-a5dc-bcbe24bce229 00:17:00.076 --> 00:17:05.439 way. He also knew that parents tended to pass their traits on NOTE Confidence: 0.871665179729462 7db6db31-cc6d-4326-a207-8ee7933f5d34 00:17:05.439 --> 00:17:06.606 to their offspring. NOTE Confidence: 0.824742078781128 7a52c5e5-6750-49c1-b024-9bc785ba637e 00:17:08.000 --> 00:17:12.906 Also, like Seeley, Darwin was inspired by the writing of an NOTE Confidence: 0.856976926326752 cb347b67-f8be-49ee-ba3e-1ab0b8adfdf8 00:17:12.906 --> 00:17:18.378 earlier academic. In Darwin's case, it was Robert Malthus, who NOTE Confidence: 0.856976926326752 a9510dfd-b982-42da-aff5-4a7ccf2ee191 00:17:18.378 --> 00:17:22.146 mathematically showed how human population growth and decline NOTE Confidence: 0.856976926326752 4eac9efe-597e-4ebc-b62b-f52d8261b175 00:17:22.146 --> 00:17:26.385 can be tied to food availability. Darwin could also NOTE Confidence: 0.856976926326752 bd344751-15f6-460c-a924-69052f992c54 00:17:26.385 --> 00:17:31.095 see that plants and animals tended to produce more offspring NOTE Confidence: 0.856976926326752 39837049-5bd1-4998-9044-9de91caaa61e 00:17:31.095 --> 00:17:34.863 than could successfully survive and reproduce given the NOTE Confidence: 0.856976926326752 58051981-7c30-434a-a8f9-920525380de9 00:17:34.863 --> 00:17:36.747 resources available in an NOTE Confidence: 0.861699283123016 75b01f20-5df4-4880-8ab4-0e514b025724 00:17:36.747 --> 00:17:42.189 environment. In other words, the struggle for existence was not NOTE Confidence: 0.861699283123016 4ad18695-add2-49f1-8a07-f3551747a19e 00:17:42.189 --> 00:17:44.494 only real, it was consequential. NOTE Confidence: 0.881236970424652 6a92b9c0-793f-4796-af45-a51078c9f62d 00:17:46.220 --> 00:17:49.876 Putting these pieces together--individuals vary in their NOTE Confidence: 0.881236970424652 fbda4b2a-15b6-4f47-a27f-e7311e179b97 00:17:49.876 --> 00:17:54.446 traits. There is a struggle for existence and not everyone NOTE Confidence: 0.881236970424652 462ed38c-ac76-4ff4-a256-91741b698770 00:17:54.446 --> 00:17:58.559 will survive. Those with traits better suited to the NOTE Confidence: 0.881236970424652 46a923bc-bf32-4404-a436-81e3a51a845e 00:17:58.559 --> 00:18:03.129 environment will have a better chance of surviving and will NOTE Confidence: 0.881236970424652 54f74588-01fe-4fc0-9102-0907a325c0d5 00:18:03.129 --> 00:18:07.242 pass those favorable traits on to their offspring. Over time, NOTE Confidence: 0.881236970424652 3cb17cba-7597-4476-8463-eb6fdb3b1a84 00:18:07.242 --> 00:18:09.984 the favorable traits become more common. NOTE Confidence: 0.889437973499298 cc5d6da0-2661-4c40-b189-a0c5da80ec80 00:18:11.670 --> 00:18:15.686 These were the keys to great, illuminating scientific NOTE Confidence: 0.780619859695435 92e9cf4d-be8d-4744-8b17-b7186d5d5243 00:18:15.686 --> 00:18:18.540 discovery. Darwin writes, NOTE Confidence: 0.89036238193512 4246c3cd-97bd-4821-be58-dfe40c723a26 00:18:19.420 --> 00:18:23.227 "It at once struck me that under these circumstances, NOTE Confidence: 0.89036238193512 9fd85fb4-2256-4fd9-b37c-ecbab31023e3 00:18:23.227 --> 00:18:26.611 favorable variations would tend to be preserved and NOTE Confidence: 0.89036238193512 173db0df-4724-4ead-b16b-16fb74c726d2 00:18:26.611 --> 00:18:29.995 unfavorable ones to be destroyed. The result of NOTE Confidence: 0.89036238193512 608e5b16-c8c6-48c3-abbb-3edb35250446 00:18:29.995 --> 00:18:34.648 this would be the formation of new species. Here, then, I NOTE Confidence: 0.89036238193512 7a74f42b-5a92-472f-9ede-fbaf9c514622 00:18:34.648 --> 00:18:38.878 had at last got a theory by which to work!" NOTE Confidence: 0.870836615562439 1069876e-eb97-4c3e-83c0-0fb88ef45cd0 00:18:40.240 --> 00:18:45.140 This simple idea, that species are unfixed and could change NOTE Confidence: 0.870836615562439 8b18bcf7-2a34-42b9-b796-98f2aa2387ff 00:18:45.140 --> 00:18:49.060 over time owing to the process of natural selection, NOTE Confidence: 0.870836615562439 29f1dadb-3dba-47cd-8a46-d098bcf18c30 00:18:49.060 --> 00:18:52.490 completely transformed and unified the various sub- NOTE Confidence: 0.870836615562439 4de65ea3-0ceb-4d28-9726-0c631e110b34 00:18:52.490 --> 00:18:56.410 disciplines of biology and also yielded many practical NOTE Confidence: 0.870836615562439 6cda87ec-f882-4ddd-b160-7486af78b81a 00:18:56.410 --> 00:19:00.330 applications. For example, this year's flu vaccine, which NOTE Confidence: 0.870836615562439 efc3404d-8524-45b0-b507-fe84108e5419 00:19:00.330 --> 00:19:05.230 is especially important to get this year--Honor the pledge, NOTE Confidence: 0.870836615562439 9cdd7b70-6839-4a1f-9949-61b8a8a25bb3 00:19:05.230 --> 00:19:05.720 y'all. NOTE Confidence: 0.899833261966705 3691e192-3eb1-424e-abb2-097137f2092c 00:19:07.140 --> 00:19:13.524 Shown here is the first sketch of Darwin's big idea that he NOTE Confidence: 0.899833261966705 188132c8-7a6a-4b26-a3f8-83653eec3bea 00:19:13.524 --> 00:19:19.376 made in his notebook 22 years before the publication of Origin NOTE Confidence: 0.899833261966705 d6ce288a-ac80-4b75-b676-bced631ebe92 00:19:19.376 --> 00:19:21.504 of Species. 22 years. NOTE Confidence: 0.932675659656525 035364c1-ca09-470c-9324-92c05cdde6ca 00:19:22.410 --> 00:19:24.076 Why did it take him so long? NOTE Confidence: 0.906776010990143 812cf332-deb7-46c8-90f8-ebfb98d2f484 00:19:24.730 --> 00:19:28.680 In part, because he wanted to accumulate as much evidence NOTE Confidence: 0.906776010990143 230874ac-075c-46ad-9502-f7c09a83b407 00:19:28.680 --> 00:19:31.445 for evolution by natural selection as possible. NOTE Confidence: 0.877748191356659 30193eeb-8b95-47e2-b809-e78005e74700 00:19:33.170 --> 00:19:37.470 Darwin felt it necessary to be able to explain natural NOTE Confidence: 0.877748191356659 47d4dea9-fbf9-4148-a07f-bc0a74fb2f5e 00:19:37.470 --> 00:19:42.200 selection in terms of honeybee colonies for his work to be NOTE Confidence: 0.877748191356659 130107ad-9043-40be-a123-96425622653a 00:19:42.200 --> 00:19:46.500 considered robust. Remember that in honey bee colonies, only the NOTE Confidence: 0.877748191356659 bbda7a26-492f-4e61-a7f4-8ce2c487b168 00:19:46.500 --> 00:19:49.940 queen reproduces, and her success is completely dependent NOTE Confidence: 0.877748191356659 0d590ab0-728e-4b0a-971f-6f2cf7a37f62 00:19:49.940 --> 00:19:53.810 on how well her sterile daughters run the colony. NOTE Confidence: 0.882818877696991 093acc99-88d3-4c12-85c1-10a0a3b95246 00:19:54.450 --> 00:19:57.888 Therefore, we need to consider the whole colony to NOTE Confidence: 0.882818877696991 77b9ff19-f7ae-43e3-8da1-4998b4f8fb39 00:19:57.888 --> 00:20:01.708 be the unit that is being acted on by natural NOTE Confidence: 0.882818877696991 b7a0860b-9587-450c-9b32-edac0eb36513 00:20:01.708 --> 00:20:03.618 selection, not the individual bees. NOTE Confidence: 0.855884552001953 873f72e1-5a4a-456b-b0f4-ed94d696ebbb 00:20:05.110 --> 00:20:09.510 If the daughters construct a good enough comb and collect NOTE Confidence: 0.855884552001953 352dfa99-79ca-4c0b-aaaa-31647bbfe577 00:20:09.510 --> 00:20:14.350 enough food, then the colony will survive the winter and the NOTE Confidence: 0.855884552001953 c2cd4eab-457b-4f0e-b63c-7ffec5d8477d 00:20:14.350 --> 00:20:19.630 first swarm will leave in the summer with the queen, while the NOTE Confidence: 0.855884552001953 526bc789-1cd1-48ac-bcdc-4f40edaf5f96 00:20:19.630 --> 00:20:21.830 sisters stay behind to raise a new NOTE Confidence: 0.859869778156281 11e5e6cf-a6b7-47a9-80d2-3c63c0a2332b 00:20:21.830 --> 00:20:27.580 queen. This also means that a colony reproduces when a swarm NOTE Confidence: 0.859869778156281 fc6ee881-be18-4e1a-a790-d8da211f3d7c 00:20:27.580 --> 00:20:32.008 leaves the parental nest and finds a new home. NOTE Confidence: 0.859543025493622 3c4b2544-8456-47ee-9371-741c397d90e1 00:20:32.810 --> 00:20:36.234 The swarm is genetically related to the parental NOTE Confidence: 0.859543025493622 78e2686d-20e4-4c12-9153-107153ed351a 00:20:36.234 --> 00:20:40.086 colony left behind. Its traits are being passed on. NOTE Confidence: 0.848458766937256 c0af003d-0856-4664-b64b-434e228ab9fc 00:20:41.590 --> 00:20:46.090 But Darwin wasn't interested in swarming behavior. He was NOTE Confidence: 0.848458766937256 894eddab-7dc8-459e-834b-c472a8846d4f 00:20:46.090 --> 00:20:50.590 interested in honeycomb-making behavior, which he called NOTE Confidence: 0.848458766937256 c272c6cf-e9e4-4571-b6a6-8f7c1d3c98f1 00:20:50.590 --> 00:20:53.090 "the most wonderful of all known NOTE Confidence: 0.887016475200653 0e231355-ee35-4fdd-bf82-dc21c96d7bcd 00:20:53.090 --> 00:20:57.370 instincts." Could natural selection explain the rise of NOTE Confidence: 0.849820137023926 66235059-134c-4d4e-b83c-c6cdbdbe1a16 00:20:57.370 --> 00:21:03.310 this behavior? We know that only a fraction of colonies survive a NOTE Confidence: 0.849820137023926 75103960-a785-49a9-ba83-e5f1cfecc9c0 00:21:03.310 --> 00:21:08.458 harsh winter--and that storing enough honey is key to making it NOTE Confidence: 0.849820137023926 764d6f6a-f5dd-443e-a350-5e2093121421 00:21:08.458 --> 00:21:13.177 to spring. Honey bees secrete wax to construct NOTE Confidence: 0.849820137023926 faaa0b63-c917-461b-b7d5-924b09d9e672 00:21:13.177 --> 00:21:14.464 the storage cells. NOTE Confidence: 0.900771915912628 b0971378-9de3-4191-882c-e3d183228d83 00:21:15.310 --> 00:21:20.471 But it must consume honey to be able to produce wax, and it's NOTE Confidence: 0.900771915912628 ad48480d-a42e-46c7-b5f6-0b3bd1237cc5 00:21:20.471 --> 00:21:21.662 not very efficient. NOTE Confidence: 0.909645318984985 08310976-9db0-4ed1-bc66-abfd8c51162e 00:21:22.450 --> 00:21:29.769 Bees need to consume 15 pounds of honey to produce 1 pound of wax. NOTE Confidence: 0.905569791793823 f7d3aa52-c02c-4aa8-8331-a8850c209749 00:21:30.630 --> 00:21:36.048 So there is indeed life-or-death pressure to use as little wax as NOTE Confidence: 0.905569791793823 0fbab70e-48a7-49a4-bdda-2adcf3ed8177 00:21:36.048 --> 00:21:39.144 possible when constructing as many cells as possible. NOTE Confidence: 0.873181343078613 e03522b4-0aaf-44ce-8492-c4d7133e7cdd 00:21:39.930 --> 00:21:43.914 There is a mathematical explanation for this, but NOTE Confidence: 0.873181343078613 5dae3f54-a59e-4f7c-9a58-a57ae8785c2f 00:21:43.914 --> 00:21:49.392 I'll just point you to the red "wasted spaces" in the NOTE Confidence: 0.873181343078613 53c2763a-9e99-4ff0-8e67-8e960b231577 00:21:49.392 --> 00:21:53.376 circular cells compared to the hexagonal cells. It NOTE Confidence: 0.873181343078613 823e2460-c944-4091-b2ee-70bbd799b58a 00:21:53.376 --> 00:21:57.858 turns out that the hexagonal cells design is  NOTE Confidence: 0.873181343078613 13ff9496-d6df-4f19-975e-c0a16afd27f2 00:21:57.858 --> 00:22:01.344 "absolutely perfect in economizing labor and wax." NOTE Confidence: 0.879691898822784 a810a3f9-d39f-47c5-90d0-3f5aba91018c 00:22:04.170 --> 00:22:08.746 But there was still one missing piece. For natural selection to NOTE Confidence: 0.879691898822784 d7984535-7b21-4b53-9435-cb62b7c015e5 00:22:08.746 --> 00:22:12.490 act, there must be trait variation. Like physical traits, NOTE Confidence: 0.879691898822784 07acba4d-3614-461c-9541-222bfd5a9d50 00:22:12.490 --> 00:22:17.066 behavioral traits can also vary and be passed from parent to NOTE Confidence: 0.851855516433716 60bdffc3-8a37-4db1-b18c-9ad33fa0a30e 00:22:17.066 --> 00:22:21.758 offspring. Darwin called this variation "diversities of NOTE Confidence: 0.880153894424438 fe2b9f93-741b-4f72-9661-7f86c08281f9 00:22:21.758 --> 00:22:27.070 instinct." He wanted to know if there were other variations of NOTE Confidence: 0.880153894424438 cd03bfcc-5941-4acf-9bcb-2c1291bcce05 00:22:27.070 --> 00:22:29.863 homemaking behavior that natural selection could have NOTE Confidence: 0.880153894424438 7881b68d-f3f4-4c44-8bdf-cb1f93aabfba 00:22:29.863 --> 00:22:34.252 acted on. Indeed, there are. Other species of bees and wasps-- NOTE Confidence: 0.880153894424438 a5b7d807-42d6-4568-a741-560e5eb93098 00:22:34.252 --> 00:22:36.646 ones that are not very social-- NOTE Confidence: 0.816813349723816 773889e9-7b0d-412d-b4cb-2b04ea3d87da 00:22:38.380 --> 00:22:40.892 they build spherical or NOTE Confidence: 0.891116917133331 2d57045e-2de5-460e-a5da-f0b10fa07c5a 00:22:40.892 --> 00:22:45.086 cylindrical homes. But they don't produce wax or honey. NOTE Confidence: 0.879000246524811 f0105c5f-75f2-438c-a534-bb9f32f13b3e 00:22:45.630 --> 00:22:49.680 Perhaps you don't have to be as economical with architecture NOTE Confidence: 0.879000246524811 62e8ee1f-7631-43cb-9813-9825b579e298 00:22:49.680 --> 00:22:53.730 when you are using found items like mud for construction. NOTE Confidence: 0.831968605518341 00023896-ada4-426a-abb1-54ca38496579 00:22:54.390 --> 00:22:59.824 But Darwin was most thrilled to learn of a species of NOTE Confidence: 0.831968605518341 078099db-ed7f-492e-811d-cef8b7b27945 00:22:59.824 --> 00:23:03.282 social bee from Central America, which builds NOTE Confidence: 0.831968605518341 48710a14-cf9b-461d-83ed-6dad6febcddf 00:23:03.282 --> 00:23:05.258 cylindrical combs with wax. NOTE Confidence: 0.839943468570709 69265732-6735-4bfe-b371-d67cac7f404e 00:23:06.530 --> 00:23:10.730 Darwin reasoned that European honeybee ancestors must have NOTE Confidence: 0.839943468570709 e6ea1dbe-4599-4801-9fd7-eb003f4eb457 00:23:10.730 --> 00:23:15.455 also constructed circular cells until a new behavioral instinct NOTE Confidence: 0.839943468570709 4d01dfe8-25e2-4271-82b4-63ee3bc6d0a9 00:23:15.455 --> 00:23:18.080 arose in a colony: building NOTE Confidence: 0.864986658096313 685ff734-af99-42c9-b944-9abfa75a81b9 00:23:18.080 --> 00:23:22.208 hexagonal cells. This behavior was favorable in colder NOTE Confidence: 0.864986658096313 15aa8129-9f1a-41bd-a469-1560d69f80fa 00:23:22.208 --> 00:23:26.388 environments because the bees used less wax to make cells, NOTE Confidence: 0.864986658096313 2813dd2d-e099-4411-94c3-7f01b8eb8107 00:23:26.388 --> 00:23:30.986 making it more likely that there would be enough honey reserves NOTE Confidence: 0.864986658096313 b6498fbf-5a0a-4a52-9280-ece2b3bbf4f6 00:23:30.986 --> 00:23:35.166 to survive the winter and reproduce new swarms the next NOTE Confidence: 0.864107489585876 9ea209fa-350a-49d9-93ff-c2db0f1aee89 00:23:35.166 --> 00:23:40.720 summer. Over time, more and more colonies exhibited this NOTE Confidence: 0.864107489585876 52171286-108e-4f2d-8bad-8b40bca52aca 00:23:40.720 --> 00:23:41.980 behavioral trait. NOTE Confidence: 0.822507441043854 2bb41374-aceb-4f84-b042-e4fbbfea9215 00:23:44.440 --> 00:23:50.221 Darwin concluded, "Thus I believe that most wonderful NOTE Confidence: 0.822507441043854 ef310a4b-8b4a-4d6b-872a-b37791203f9b 00:23:50.221 --> 00:23:55.051 of all known instincts--that of the hive bee--can be NOTE Confidence: 0.822507441043854 22226a63-2bb2-4789-96b9-41f10f7de9af 00:23:55.051 --> 00:23:56.983 explained by natural selection." NOTE Confidence: 0.887780904769897 54827c70-6306-4b90-b04c-ef28d45a6a43 00:23:58.010 --> 00:24:03.147 And the wealth of evidence in support of evolution by natural NOTE Confidence: 0.887780904769897 09d7d816-ba36-495b-b508-79d5ee7d4883 00:24:03.147 --> 00:24:07.350 selection continues to grow today, 160 years after the NOTE Confidence: 0.887780904769897 d9e0a16f-4c31-40a7-a95b-8be0fb72745c 00:24:07.350 --> 00:24:12.487 publication of on the Origin of Species. In your classrooms, I NOTE Confidence: 0.887780904769897 f038b983-b6ba-443f-ac05-677619b0a2ea 00:24:12.487 --> 00:24:16.690 encourage you to consider how nicely natural selection fits NOTE Confidence: 0.887780904769897 dac5363c-4442-4764-9077-237d66bf453f 00:24:16.690 --> 00:24:19.959 with the swarming behavior described by Seeley. NOTE Confidence: 0.869669497013092 246fb9bd-731f-4988-b399-af49b9dca8e1 00:24:20.770 --> 00:24:25.288 It's the reason honeybee colonies behave quote through NOTE Confidence: 0.869669497013092 b22d6e08-56b8-4edd-8146-4bc63cf38569 00:24:25.288 --> 00:24:30.308 enlightened self interest" and why "a swarm knows best." NOTE Confidence: 0.873234689235687 95523e33-0433-4890-ab0f-53cd91fe8435 00:24:32.820 --> 00:24:36.644 But there are monetary costs associated with scientific NOTE Confidence: 0.841554045677185 5348f628-2538-41fc-81b0-92afeb523c82 00:24:36.644 --> 00:24:41.065 research. Seeley's research, like that of many academic NOTE Confidence: 0.841554045677185 ca72d0ed-342f-4fcf-b889-7ce2518e769f 00:24:41.065 --> 00:24:45.340 scientists, is funded in part through public tax dollars NOTE Confidence: 0.841554045677185 35aec2ac-af3d-4772-94f3-4d49cf5dc6a2 00:24:45.340 --> 00:24:49.140 through grants, vetted and awarded through the National NOTE Confidence: 0.841554045677185 c8bdf613-7ff7-4c1d-8440-33d0fcc29ea4 00:24:49.140 --> 00:24:51.990 Science Foundation and other government agencies. NOTE Confidence: 0.866572499275208 1fac9570-35f8-40e8-b99a-0e90f72246bf 00:24:53.460 --> 00:24:57.516 There is a vast spectrum in the cost of science, although it NOTE Confidence: 0.866572499275208 12895b0c-7fda-4b70-9417-2ace4e9c29ca 00:24:57.516 --> 00:25:00.558 does seem like Seeley's research was not very expensive, NOTE Confidence: 0.866572499275208 6fdc0e5d-e45f-4d1c-842c-9301a65ddaee 00:25:00.558 --> 00:25:03.938 considering that much of the equipment was hand-built by NOTE Confidence: 0.866572499275208 7e69a6f9-b95f-4303-b8a1-3ff28961be6c 00:25:03.938 --> 00:25:06.980 Seeley from materials found at a local hardware store. NOTE Confidence: 0.880735993385315 19549fc9-5677-42d5-b3ec-73e209d293dc 00:25:07.820 --> 00:25:13.680 Nonetheless. Is the cost of curiosity driven NOTE Confidence: 0.880735993385315 9e4f1a1e-e38c-49df-bdfd-a3b7c889f421 00:25:13.680 --> 00:25:17.070 research justified? Not everybody thinks so. NOTE Confidence: 0.868275940418243 7e020244-3054-4da9-b357-943aee07c50d 00:25:17.900 --> 00:25:22.742 In 1975, William Proxmire--a Democratic senator from right NOTE Confidence: 0.868275940418243 ec5e05d9-8239-4100-877a-3d2e7e5ab7f3 00:25:22.742 --> 00:25:28.660 here in Wisconsin--began a mock award he called the Golden NOTE Confidence: 0.891348779201508 6b9c271a-3a22-4e75-b21e-cd85a33f28a5 00:25:28.660 --> 00:25:34.180 Fleece Award. This award was used to publicly shame projects NOTE Confidence: 0.891348779201508 195108b5-b13b-4cda-b6d9-d515af51bc7e 00:25:34.180 --> 00:25:37.980 that, in his opinion, sounded ridiculous and squandered NOTE Confidence: 0.87274158000946 bc01075d-0d7a-4dd4-87a1-b79bd2f06be5 00:25:37.980 --> 00:25:43.139 taxpayer money. Although the spotlight was not specific to NOTE Confidence: 0.87274158000946 0f79e30e-c0a0-4ef2-9fd1-85dfa30a4d22 00:25:43.139 --> 00:25:47.275 science, projects funded by the National Science Foundation NOTE Confidence: 0.87274158000946 391cebbc-0b3c-4fcc-b9b2-dd79369b731a 00:25:47.275 --> 00:25:50.377 were particularly well represented. The satirical NOTE Confidence: 0.87274158000946 89e7a9db-6965-4e63-a7a1-a0a9102ea467 00:25:50.377 --> 00:25:55.547 award was intended to drum up public concern for wasteful NOTE Confidence: 0.87274158000946 5cdc5b86-b57f-4af5-b363-6597a2eec2d5 00:25:55.547 --> 00:25:59.683 spending and convince Senate colleagues to tighten the NOTE Confidence: 0.87274158000946 5ad1ce59-95a6-440c-9d2b-da8f8780908f 00:25:59.683 --> 00:26:02.268 purse for federal granting agencies. NOTE Confidence: 0.835541903972626 7ee0511e-923d-467c-b564-d323e490ada5 00:26:03.470 --> 00:26:08.810 Proxmire gave out a total of 168 Golden Fleece Awards. NOTE Confidence: 0.892917990684509 17bcfd65-e130-4185-b9dc-fc080481b190 00:26:09.470 --> 00:26:15.923 These ridiculed projects include my favorite-a finger wag NOTE Confidence: 0.892917990684509 7ef27039-e4a9-475f-89d2-5ed47fb5cdef 00:26:15.923 --> 00:26:21.659 to the Federal Highway Administration in 1980 for NOTE Confidence: 0.892917990684509 c89a1dfc-5791-4d4f-abf4-a3a7d779bfb2 00:26:21.659 --> 00:26:26.678 spending $241,764 NOTE Confidence: 0.883035778999329 7abf501a-310a-4745-bd9e-351fe4fdd738 00:26:27.240 --> 00:26:32.514 to "produce a computerized system that gives NOTE Confidence: 0.883035778999329 b41522a4-4b33-4f89-a10f-fe865520fee2 00:26:32.514 --> 00:26:38.960 local directions to people who can't or won't read paper maps." NOTE Confidence: 0.883035778999329 a0ff2acc-09be-452d-b9e5-fb8c238eaad2 00:26:38.960 --> 00:26:41.890 What a poor investment, right? NOTE Confidence: 0.898146688938141 8c623745-fc81-413a-bbd3-d6160f2c20f7 00:26:42.420 --> 00:26:47.100 But I find a very first Golden Fleece award to be particularly NOTE Confidence: 0.888249456882477 b6615525-575e-4c68-8ca6-b83ce4b7dc6c 00:26:47.100 --> 00:26:52.957 telling. It was presented to the National Science Foundation in NOTE Confidence: 0.888249456882477 8e56d520-7bbc-44ad-b307-0fe977449313 00:26:52.957 --> 00:26:58.710 1975 for spending $84,000 on what Proxmire reduces to NOTE Confidence: 0.888249456882477 5b6772c3-8713-401e-ae4e-466dd1840f2d 00:26:58.710 --> 00:27:00.279 "a study of love." NOTE Confidence: 0.861155390739441 0b469c13-d9f3-42f4-92e6-89a323c5175e 00:27:01.550 --> 00:27:06.542 Proxmire wrote, "I object to this not only because no one-- NOTE Confidence: 0.861155390739441 aacde286-dd98-4cc2-9da1-5ed1e53ca687 00:27:06.542 --> 00:27:10.286 not even the National Science Foundation--can argue that NOTE Confidence: 0.861155390739441 c46d01e6-2655-417e-8737-fc96a72eba51 00:27:10.286 --> 00:27:15.694 falling in love is a science. I am also against it NOTE Confidence: 0.861155390739441 6c2fa17b-54ed-4925-9417-cf4d75f7740a 00:27:15.694 --> 00:27:18.190 because I don't want the answer." NOTE Confidence: 0.918086290359497 86741111-e5f5-4461-9b48-e7d16dbc5510 00:27:19.080 --> 00:27:23.724 He goes on to write, "I believe that 200 million other Americans NOTE Confidence: 0.918086290359497 f968f7d9-0b55-4636-b59d-219e521e8b3f 00:27:23.724 --> 00:27:27.207 want to leave some things in life a mystery." NOTE Confidence: 0.930084884166718 a4d55a83-ff01-4286-b404-bbc7dc9ae967 00:27:28.600 --> 00:27:30.700 Clearly it's not all about the NOTE Confidence: 0.898773074150085 f6a812c0-674b-416d-b63f-ac4359192ea7 00:27:30.700 --> 00:27:35.798 price tag. There are some who do not wish for the NOTE Confidence: 0.898773074150085 74ae3444-2b95-485e-a7ff-56ec9f93f025 00:27:35.798 --> 00:27:38.210 illuminating light of curiosity-driven research. NOTE Confidence: 0.898160517215729 d454258b-8b60-4672-a38c-0cfef24eea81 00:27:39.950 --> 00:27:43.703 The Golden Fleece Award was a successful public relations NOTE Confidence: 0.898160517215729 854e5bb3-1157-4960-9f54-38b3bc0812d5 00:27:43.703 --> 00:27:47.456 campaign and helped lawmakers build a reputation of being NOTE Confidence: 0.786246716976166 913abfa1-9067-46fd-9931-eccbebf319ad 00:27:47.456 --> 00:27:49.826 frugal spenders--for political NOTE Confidence: 0.867025315761566 5b8fd80f-4964-4ba6-88f6-6913bfe13fa1 00:27:49.826 --> 00:27:55.710 gain. In recent years, the spirit of the award was revived NOTE Confidence: 0.867025315761566 2c435637-b6d0-4f08-9bfd-901bbb294d9d 00:27:55.710 --> 00:28:00.500 by Republican senator Jeff Flake, who during his time in NOTE Confidence: 0.867025315761566 cb11e525-f26d-4f2b-83d1-126ed7215b67 00:28:00.500 --> 00:28:05.290 the Senate released several pun-heavy reports he called "Waste- NOTE Confidence: 0.867025315761566 138a13c8-5efb-4a1d-ad57-259b803a41d8 00:28:05.290 --> 00:28:10.080 book," to document "hard to justify, taxpayer- NOTE Confidence: 0.867025315761566 4357338a-1710-474b-b59e-3138c81b3f9b 00:28:10.080 --> 00:28:14.391 funded studies that diverted money that could have been NOTE Confidence: 0.867025315761566 fb31fe45-9bff-426e-afc3-c8ce2ac54062 00:28:14.391 --> 00:28:18.223 better spent researching treatments for cancer and viral NOTE Confidence: 0.867025315761566 f7faa5db-2962-4dc5-b745-fe9cee51ac77 00:28:18.223 --> 00:28:20.618 infections such as Zika and NOTE Confidence: 0.857661962509155 a906b495-b208-42cc-8cb1-30eac7f4701b 00:28:20.618 --> 00:28:26.030 Ebola." Now, in fairness, questioning how tax dollars are NOTE Confidence: 0.857661962509155 b2396bf4-4b6b-4c61-8e0a-b3727410cd2d 00:28:26.030 --> 00:28:31.130 spent is a legitimate part of a Senator's job. However, the NOTE Confidence: 0.857661962509155 33bfd83b-4ca9-4b66-a57f-ee5edbe60a98 00:28:31.130 --> 00:28:36.230 intent of "Wastebook" seems to be to misrepresent and NOTE Confidence: 0.857661962509155 b44971cb-b9e4-43a5-ad7d-642512832cb4 00:28:36.230 --> 00:28:39.800 decontextualize the actual research for comical effect NOTE Confidence: 0.857661962509155 923f8089-c1fd-4be8-9f28-c9f1416a2d7b 00:28:39.800 --> 00:28:43.370 rather than to seriously critique the science. NOTE Confidence: 0.874444544315338 6b29e2fa-8222-4d89-8e27-a5ccf82ba188 00:28:44.540 --> 00:28:48.410 Instead, everyone enjoyed a good laugh at those wasteful NOTE Confidence: 0.874444544315338 1c679893-b8f7-4b5a-a66e-33afb6ef0b6d 00:28:48.410 --> 00:28:52.280 scientists to put shrimp on treadmills and cougars on NOTE Confidence: 0.874444544315338 388a243e-6425-4363-a29b-4d6afc0ffed4 00:28:52.280 --> 00:28:54.430 treadmills in the name of NOTE Confidence: 0.876013875007629 28f08c39-8246-4675-bc69-d72bc34a7580 00:28:54.430 --> 00:28:59.602 science. It seems the only projects more ridiculed than NOTE Confidence: 0.876013875007629 7ee18960-f12c-4ca5-ba2c-fcbb8c50dc7a 00:28:59.602 --> 00:29:03.634 animals on treadmills were projects featuring--you guessed NOTE Confidence: 0.824720084667206 ee2f2352-0669-4432-afbf-580bb4f9216c 00:29:03.634 --> 00:29:08.940 it--bees. Three of the 20 projects shamed in the 2016 NOTE Confidence: 0.824720084667206 526cdd85-e279-4924-a61e-ecb40dd5dd8c 00:29:08.940 --> 00:29:12.810 "Wastebook" issue featured research on honeybees. Now NOTE Confidence: 0.824720084667206 bf86422c-53ee-4ada-ab09-d3b2faba5e07 00:29:12.810 --> 00:29:17.110 keep in mind if you're reading this that these are NOTE Confidence: 0.824720084667206 cddbebff-ed59-4084-b1a6-2b436db677f6 00:29:17.110 --> 00:29:20.550 not accurate summaries of the research being funded. NOTE Confidence: 0.86447685956955 a5f2f541-e0df-4467-a69b-9b91bd6cf039 00:29:21.650 --> 00:29:25.360 Seeley's research was never featured in a "Wastebook" issue, NOTE Confidence: 0.86447685956955 d4f3cf43-e197-448a-b102-ee2809a59900 00:29:25.360 --> 00:29:29.441 but let's face it, some of his projects would have made NOTE Confidence: 0.847279608249664 9463936b-6ce2-4386-a1a2-a6ad984766ff 00:29:29.441 --> 00:29:33.384 excellent candidates. There is even an experiment featuring NOTE Confidence: 0.847279608249664 5ec6cd95-57c6-467f-a0f7-8a9f20e4a77c 00:29:33.384 --> 00:29:34.900 bees on a treadmill. NOTE Confidence: 0.836321115493774 9bf45502-9bfa-4d52-bdb3-cc1ddafc760a 00:29:35.610 --> 00:29:37.548 What was the reason Seeley did NOTE Confidence: 0.912180781364441 2e582dcd-79b0-457e-bcd6-308b00e4254c 00:29:37.548 --> 00:29:41.576 that again? Let's take a moment to look at that NOTE Confidence: 0.912180781364441 5b480b34-78c5-4590-8688-3ad37c02c668 00:29:41.576 --> 00:29:42.542 experiment more closely. NOTE Confidence: 0.831443607807159 f1f98b86-72cc-45f1-bdb4-d3c19b48714d 00:29:44.520 --> 00:29:48.788 In this experiment, Seeley is trying to answer the question of NOTE Confidence: 0.831443607807159 5a481a1d-86fc-4db3-a66c-a1bb8c6d85ce 00:29:48.788 --> 00:29:53.444 how bees gauge the size of a cavity when scouting for nest NOTE Confidence: 0.894215285778046 3f19315c-756c-44aa-a179-04fe7f62d3ab 00:29:53.444 --> 00:29:58.574 sites. Do they estimate volume by looking around, walking NOTE Confidence: 0.894215285778046 19a8ffeb-dfa5-4aec-a94f-1ae6f25228a4 00:29:58.574 --> 00:30:00.586 around, or flying around? NOTE Confidence: 0.829200625419617 84521cad-9c99-4f0e-8f9c-caf13115cf92 00:30:01.240 --> 00:30:04.991 It may seem like a simple question at first, and both NOTE Confidence: 0.829200625419617 c3790ee0-d57d-4b4b-b75c-9fe7b6b87fcf 00:30:04.991 --> 00:30:09.424 Lindauer and Seeley joke that all one has to do is "figure NOTE Confidence: 0.829200625419617 1a82d07b-632f-4fec-9462-4eac6b93dca1 00:30:09.424 --> 00:30:13.516 out a way to ask the bees about the matter." Easy, right? NOTE Confidence: 0.822422087192535 472ba34f-6d42-4030-8103-a903f675ee3e 00:30:14.930 --> 00:30:18.645 Not really. It's why these questions first NOTE Confidence: 0.822422087192535 be7175dd-cf7d-49b3-89f4-b4ee32a401e9 00:30:18.645 --> 00:30:20.345 posed by Lindauer NOTE Confidence: 0.851534128189087 e87cd7ee-5d55-4f91-9e86-16b80437ca2d 00:30:21.550 --> 00:30:26.030 stood for decades before someone like Seeley came along and NOTE Confidence: 0.851534128189087 2e2be150-d7a8-45e9-9dd0-9ae31149df32 00:30:26.030 --> 00:30:29.166 scored that exclusive interview with the bees. NOTE Confidence: 0.863532781600952 fba2252b-c92d-482f-b353-54b093dfe0d8 00:30:30.020 --> 00:30:35.220 So how did Seeley accomplish what Lindauer could not? He NOTE Confidence: 0.863532781600952 20875b52-5286-4340-83d6-c87933ecdd88 00:30:35.220 --> 00:30:39.900 designed a series of well-controlled experiments, each one NOTE Confidence: 0.863532781600952 d17f0b34-c055-45b1-8c5d-ade1ef09f685 00:30:39.900 --> 00:30:46.140 carefully asking the scout bee a specific "yes or no" question. Is NOTE Confidence: 0.863532781600952 7910d8c8-df14-49c7-ac66-2f3d79b3acce 00:30:46.140 --> 00:30:48.740 this nest box acceptable? That's NOTE Confidence: 0.855671286582947 6b82168c-bfe0-47b9-9367-8d0e40e1ecca 00:30:48.740 --> 00:30:52.478 the question. Is this nest box NOTE Confidence: 0.840831816196442 fc36728a-44de-4167-b0ff-9a8a7f831b39 00:30:52.478 --> 00:30:57.450 acceptable? If the answer is yes, he will observe the bee NOTE Confidence: 0.840831816196442 f0f60e17-75fe-4543-926e-69cf4b8d003b 00:30:57.450 --> 00:31:00.530 enthusiastically performing the waggle dance for NOTE Confidence: 0.789003729820251 dac77529-07d3-4b27-a571-69033445a92b 00:31:00.530 --> 00:31:05.764 her sisters. If not, she will not dance. The catch? NOTE Confidence: 0.890097439289093 d61815f4-396d-4389-a7b9-b2565539bafc 00:31:06.410 --> 00:31:10.410 This time, Seeley's boxes are creatively designed to NOTE Confidence: 0.890097439289093 cb8182cc-b10b-4bfe-b213-814bcedd23e8 00:31:10.410 --> 00:31:14.910 manipulate the perception of volume while controlling for the NOTE Confidence: 0.890097439289093 51346bb0-6038-48e6-bab4-f4dd72b9e4f3 00:31:14.910 --> 00:31:21.410 actual volume. If he can take a box that should be of acceptable NOTE Confidence: 0.890097439289093 4d53c132-d381-460a-8f03-08aeb1a7e513 00:31:21.410 --> 00:31:25.910 size and trick the bee into thinking it's unacceptably NOTE Confidence: 0.890097439289093 39a0a286-fc37-4532-b65a-041432f8766d 00:31:25.910 --> 00:31:30.910 small, then he learned something about how she perceives volume. NOTE Confidence: 0.890097439289093 11a628f7-16ea-4537-b397-2fc121420cd7 00:31:30.910 --> 00:31:32.910 But wait, there's more. NOTE Confidence: 0.860546290874481 6798af15-183b-4b54-9711-3f7efaf2119c 00:31:33.470 --> 00:31:38.126 Because there is more than one hypothesis for how a bee might NOTE Confidence: 0.860546290874481 e0f9f2a7-4086-4648-be11-41dfc65b8646 00:31:38.126 --> 00:31:42.782 go about estimating volume, he must impair the bee in a way NOTE Confidence: 0.860546290874481 8ac302a4-2bdd-408e-877e-aaa6fc4f131a 00:31:42.782 --> 00:31:47.438 that only allows her to fully use one sense at a time. NOTE Confidence: 0.860546290874481 f1fb5587-f46b-4c8f-b497-60dadcda4963 00:31:47.438 --> 00:31:48.990 This is complicated stuff. NOTE Confidence: 0.879548788070679 dd0722c9-9b8b-4122-b1b8-0a44019ca3e5 00:31:50.320 --> 00:31:55.105 So the left is the box that isolates the "estimating volume NOTE Confidence: 0.879548788070679 addbb5b9-2433-46d0-ac50-edcea1e560a9 00:31:55.105 --> 00:31:56.410 by looking" hypothesis. NOTE Confidence: 0.888873040676117 55042fba-51d6-422a-a992-04d18ce5edd2 00:31:56.940 --> 00:32:00.120 The walls are made slippery and she can't walk around. NOTE Confidence: 0.867183387279511 158604a1-c0d4-446f-b40f-d441023d68f8 00:32:00.750 --> 00:32:04.860 When provided enough light, he can test whether the bee NOTE Confidence: 0.867183387279511 425ecb71-4468-4565-a65c-d84f3e914c5b 00:32:04.860 --> 00:32:08.148 differentiates between the box with the artificial ceiling-- NOTE Confidence: 0.867183387279511 c523450f-4882-43ec-a56d-961cba68438b 00:32:08.148 --> 00:32:11.847 which should be unacceptably small--or without the ceiling-- NOTE Confidence: 0.867183387279511 41a49947-2978-4eef-af85-dd959b5e0cff 00:32:11.847 --> 00:32:15.546 which should be acceptably large. NOTE Confidence: 0.86635833978653 215bf046-a172-42f7-89f1-63e2245ad5e2 00:32:16.440 --> 00:32:21.420 The box to the right separately tests the "estimating volume NOTE Confidence: 0.86635833978653 b7a2d61a-7055-4dc1-baf6-bb489bd5d372 00:32:21.420 --> 00:32:22.914 through walking" hypothesis. NOTE Confidence: 0.842498958110809 e6e6532d-fe8d-4685-a8b3-3f6d7c641741 00:32:23.510 --> 00:32:27.497 Seeley controls the light entering the box, limiting the NOTE Confidence: 0.842498958110809 097ba7b0-d565-4cd4-b33c-536c9e65f013 00:32:27.497 --> 00:32:29.269 extent of visual cues. NOTE Confidence: 0.885812222957611 fa4a796c-0d7e-4732-a819-086f4e755ab8 00:32:29.860 --> 00:32:34.722 The volume of the cavity is unchanged, but the perception of NOTE Confidence: 0.885812222957611 f990432a-bee9-44da-b37e-3e3e820906f3 00:32:34.722 --> 00:32:40.468 how long it takes the bee to walk around the cavity is cleverly NOTE Confidence: 0.885812222957611 c13e45c1-7d1d-41f4-9467-436c75a5ca24 00:32:40.468 --> 00:32:44.004 manipulated via treadmill walls that Seeley is turning. NOTE Confidence: 0.885852456092834 2eea56df-8264-487b-896d-3ba9d96337c5 00:32:44.980 --> 00:32:49.569 Can he make her dance for a box that should otherwise be too NOTE Confidence: 0.885852456092834 afb17cd6-85d9-4c61-9339-f0bf72a47a97 00:32:49.569 --> 00:32:53.805 small, or fail to dance for a box that should otherwise be NOTE Confidence: 0.881092429161072 89a27458-26bd-4373-ad7c-26b6e869641c 00:32:53.805 --> 00:32:59.400 acceptable? If so, then we have evidence that bees can estimate NOTE Confidence: 0.881092429161072 38ea4c83-ff96-444b-8cfe-f76bb7af862c 00:32:59.400 --> 00:33:00.780 volume by walking. NOTE Confidence: 0.88640695810318 40a22b36-aeec-4590-a9f6-368119c70bd5 00:33:02.790 --> 00:33:07.718 Perhaps the bees are not the only ones whose perception of NOTE Confidence: 0.88640695810318 f34a4a93-adaf-4b81-ba62-db9c491daa0f 00:33:07.718 --> 00:33:09.958 quality is fooled by creative NOTE Confidence: 0.809483528137207 694218cb-d596-4aed-ac0a-e39dc381bd29 00:33:09.958 --> 00:33:15.431 design features. What do we, taxpayers who fund such NOTE Confidence: 0.809483528137207 74fd54c4-84a3-4fad-9f99-2cde1eb40227 00:33:15.431 --> 00:33:19.855 research, make of Seeley's elaborate bee boxes with NOTE Confidence: 0.809483528137207 fe50e73f-8f31-4b8b-a725-ac036574ea89 00:33:19.855 --> 00:33:22.620 treadmill sides and slippery curtains? NOTE Confidence: 0.913633644580841 cd5c5e01-5e7d-46cc-b7f4-7ed103453a89 00:33:23.900 --> 00:33:27.770 It's the creative design that "provides an elegant NOTE Confidence: 0.913633644580841 268371c1-9f84-44ee-b404-a8acccba4b9c 00:33:27.770 --> 00:33:29.920 solution to a tough problem." NOTE Confidence: 0.864563524723053 e6279525-0cfb-41e4-b00f-ceb41226129c 00:33:30.910 --> 00:33:35.362 But the design is also what tends to make the project sound NOTE Confidence: 0.864563524723053 85128607-690a-4da6-8da8-26559ad436ff 00:33:35.362 --> 00:33:37.217 so easily ridiculed as wasteful NOTE Confidence: 0.893143057823181 8aec34b6-dacf-4e3b-9b02-d303782b76b0 00:33:37.217 --> 00:33:44.007 spending. Scientists like David Hu know this all too well. NOTE Confidence: 0.899315297603607 1bb7d8c3-7c2a-4abc-95c7-e7340d7d3a34 00:33:44.010 --> 00:33:48.582 Doctor David Hu is a mechanical engineer from Georgia NOTE Confidence: 0.899315297603607 fedc5374-2ccb-49d7-b83b-1c952a42cf7c 00:33:48.582 --> 00:33:53.662 Tech, who currently holds the unwelcome title of being the NOTE Confidence: 0.899315297603607 e40b3a1f-8306-4e59-af58-532a5ea50097 00:33:53.662 --> 00:33:55.694 "Most Wasteful Scientist NOTE Confidence: 0.895434975624084 69bb73e8-a574-492b-8a4a-c2e2284fbc0b 00:33:55.694 --> 00:34:01.706 in America." Hu studies biomimicry, which means that he NOTE Confidence: 0.895434975624084 34541307-5920-4e5d-ae6b-8f5d3a73cd80 00:34:01.706 --> 00:34:06.449 closely watches animals, measures all aspects of their NOTE Confidence: 0.895434975624084 74afaea5-44d5-4521-8cfd-9b1cf27b0ff0 00:34:06.449 --> 00:34:11.192 anatomy and behavior, and uses this information as inspiration NOTE Confidence: 0.895434975624084 3be103c1-a43b-46df-8ca6-92daab418ddb 00:34:11.192 --> 00:34:16.462 to design and engineer better systems for people: a wonderful NOTE Confidence: 0.895434975624084 c0aa40f3-2663-479c-b60b-3501b26545af 00:34:16.462 --> 00:34:19.097 marriage of basic and applied NOTE Confidence: 0.923976182937622 a8dfd935-5ef3-4a79-9b37-1e0c06fe7475 00:34:19.097 --> 00:34:25.487 Science. This also means that it is very easy to make his NOTE Confidence: 0.923976182937622 b9b81e15-4645-4c9b-ab9b-c561955c4851 00:34:25.487 --> 00:34:26.918 research sound silly. NOTE Confidence: 0.878340840339661 90bd9def-b470-4193-b005-ffb9bee8a4c5 00:34:28.200 --> 00:34:33.840 And he was listed no less than three different times in the NOTE Confidence: 0.878340840339661 4c3b2f3b-2d85-4d0b-a17a-95c3397efb32 00:34:33.840 --> 00:34:39.480 2016 "Wastebook" issue, where one of Hu's honeybee projects was NOTE Confidence: 0.878340840339661 c8e2a301-89f2-4bf7-98cc-e9576ec2fcd0 00:34:39.480 --> 00:34:44.180 put on notice. Senator Flake reduced the research topic to NOTE Confidence: 0.878340840339661 b7fb29a0-d3fa-489a-957e-7603762cfcbb 00:34:44.180 --> 00:34:49.820 "Which has more hairs, a squirrel or a honey bee: NOTE Confidence: 0.876836657524109 9a59db61-c48c-44f7-8fe9-f5d7906c9a09 00:34:49.820 --> 00:34:55.720 $753,000." Now it is true that many, many animal hairs were NOTE Confidence: 0.876836657524109 99644e08-3479-445b-9040-01328f64075e 00:34:55.720 --> 00:35:00.208 counted in the Hu lab that year. But the actual project NOTE Confidence: 0.876836657524109 3c46182f-b0fa-4bf6-9bdd-81cd82cfff59 00:35:00.208 --> 00:35:03.472 funded by the National Science Foundation was titled,  NOTE Confidence: 0.824962139129639 eeca51c1-701f-4cb4-a4f2-e3d37556fc95 00:35:04.060 --> 00:35:07.244 "Designing insect-inspired self- NOTE Confidence: 0.772266209125519 8d6820e7-9bd9-40a5-b5f9-491a99bc5b71 00:35:07.244 --> 00:35:10.730 cleaning surfaces." A little bit different, huh? NOTE Confidence: 0.810345888137817 7da2ea95-b7a8-4c2d-b1e1-afc07c6c218d 00:35:11.920 --> 00:35:17.320 You see, expensive things like solar panels, telescope lenses, NOTE Confidence: 0.810345888137817 f5c22c6e-c341-4067-bd33-7d8bef3996c5 00:35:17.320 --> 00:35:23.320 spy drones, and the Mars rover work less efficiently NOTE Confidence: 0.898313879966736 dd861bb9-3c9c-458c-8303-bb47b98bb37a 00:35:23.320 --> 00:35:29.013 when dusty. To answer a big, important question--like how can NOTE Confidence: 0.898313879966736 53aa42aa-d001-4c61-8d55-4c8a1c779cdd 00:35:29.013 --> 00:35:33.183 we keep expensive, hard-to-reach equipment free from damaging NOTE Confidence: 0.870752394199371 604e67d0-056e-4ef3-b407-2cdf6a71084b 00:35:33.183 --> 00:35:37.728 dust?--we need to start somewhere smaller. We can ask: NOTE Confidence: 0.794786393642426 a43fccd6-d13f-4285-b389-9b56f04bb7df 00:35:38.560 --> 00:35:40.876 How do dusty animals keep clean? NOTE Confidence: 0.910637319087982 2818a23c-5b55-49e6-9854-4b1fc908bbd9 00:35:42.060 --> 00:35:45.910 And as those of us with seasonal allergies already know, NOTE Confidence: 0.785340905189514 b4fe5d16-b8f6-4244-b531-d378c6ba4284 00:35:46.740 --> 00:35:49.197 pollen can be a lot like dust. NOTE Confidence: 0.854711353778839 f13f8635-2d40-4b8d-972d-70da4afb4ff1 00:35:50.500 --> 00:35:54.514 David Hu had observed that although honey bees carry NOTE Confidence: 0.854711353778839 772184fe-6c6c-4cc3-9074-5ccb028cebfa 00:35:54.514 --> 00:35:58.974 copious amounts of pollen on their body hairs, their eyes, NOTE Confidence: 0.802504539489746 6361dda0-2626-4ef9-94f2-86eee717fc5b 00:35:58.974 --> 00:36:04.868 which also contain hairs, remain remarkably clean, allowing them NOTE Confidence: 0.802504539489746 e1ad9af7-ac76-417f-a8c5-6ec73d8c07e4 00:36:04.868 --> 00:36:07.738 to see while foraging for NOTE Confidence: 0.877786636352539 e900653e-6b2b-4940-9697-4ce96472ecf8 00:36:07.738 --> 00:36:12.062 nectar. How do pollen-covered honey bees keep NOTE Confidence: 0.877786636352539 f24be85b-aa86-4a48-b196-89a277616de3 00:36:12.062 --> 00:36:13.886 their eyes so clean? NOTE Confidence: 0.870401859283447 caabb441-c315-4182-be5e-dd2a8cab19f4 00:36:15.330 --> 00:36:19.128 Hu's students compared the length and density of hairs NOTE Confidence: 0.870401859283447 76b547fe-7f51-4cc5-8955-5132a23db334 00:36:19.128 --> 00:36:22.926 on various parts of the honeybee and with hair NOTE Confidence: 0.870401859283447 c3927945-f48a-4d29-b67d-bcd68b8d6b99 00:36:22.926 --> 00:36:25.458 measurements of other animals, including the NOTE Confidence: 0.870401859283447 db01fc2c-e93f-4b30-b7eb-47d8c596f9be 00:36:25.458 --> 00:36:25.880 squirrel. NOTE Confidence: 0.841499209403992 e4349723-2a8e-403d-a805-45c5e301e448 00:36:27.180 --> 00:36:31.899 This lab discovered that the density of hairs on the honey NOTE Confidence: 0.841499209403992 5c51a937-4abe-4e4e-84e4-a694730bb2e5 00:36:31.899 --> 00:36:36.189 bee's eyes and legs are ideally spaced for optimal cleaning. NOTE Confidence: 0.894179165363312 7fe172c3-de7b-4cd9-83b0-ab7a846dc3e6 00:36:36.940 --> 00:36:42.790 David Hu argues that this discovery can inspire low-energy, NOTE Confidence: 0.894179165363312 6aad7233-6385-4821-94e1-744d86359696 00:36:42.790 --> 00:36:46.885 self-cleaning solutions for sensitive equipment, potentially NOTE Confidence: 0.894179165363312 17e37a82-5705-41a9-8116-e7a8337e2498 00:36:46.885 --> 00:36:49.225 solving a huge logistical NOTE Confidence: 0.886711001396179 eb3a31c6-797e-4692-9829-e334b551d110 00:36:49.225 --> 00:36:54.850 problem. And along the way, yes, the Hu lab did discover NOTE Confidence: 0.886711001396179 ca161089-6524-48be-86d7-29c0558ee1bf 00:36:54.850 --> 00:37:00.362 that a single honeybee has the same number of hairs as a NOTE Confidence: 0.886711001396179 6ee1d72e-71b1-40f1-82b5-1bdb08d1b277 00:37:00.362 --> 00:37:01.634 squirrel: three million. NOTE Confidence: 0.895425319671631 ad456c17-24d9-4b85-819b-5433fb8f63c2 00:37:02.790 --> 00:37:06.514 Hu responded to the accusations of squandering NOTE Confidence: 0.895425319671631 4f8381c4-98d1-40a8-8934-8886177847e0 00:37:06.514 --> 00:37:11.302 money by writing an editorial in "Scientific American" titled NOTE Confidence: 0.895425319671631 b5bd1dc6-0da9-4542-a6fd-d88040bf7ec0 00:37:11.302 --> 00:37:13.430 "Confessions of a Wasteful NOTE Confidence: 0.904001414775848 c335929e-0844-4d0d-a838-c55e00c3db33 00:37:13.430 --> 00:37:17.726 Scientist." Hu explained the important practical applications NOTE Confidence: 0.904001414775848 e01f997c-af15-4c3f-b051-ed3fe450ef57 00:37:17.726 --> 00:37:19.169 of his work, NOTE Confidence: 0.87622344493866 26b5a135-c20a-4e33-a724-40bc335f4b1c 00:37:19.690 --> 00:37:22.018 but also noted: NOTE Confidence: 0.849920153617859 514fac55-4b38-4d48-b351-2e07d5ca5bd2 00:37:22.550 --> 00:37:27.314 "I enjoy doing research. I don't try to hide it. Scientists are NOTE Confidence: 0.849920153617859 482d722e-d2c3-4e61-bde5-73815de7c29e 00:37:27.314 --> 00:37:31.284 human beings with intrinsic interests, but we aren't here to NOTE Confidence: 0.849920153617859 00a4714c-65d5-45da-8445-f0fffc258e4a 00:37:31.284 --> 00:37:36.048 solely serve the public. We also have hunches when we're on to NOTE Confidence: 0.849920153617859 9887ead6-44cc-416c-84ec-7f83909f6ded 00:37:36.048 --> 00:37:41.209 something big. Sometimes we have to take left turns to get to a NOTE Confidence: 0.78789097070694 55840c1f-dee4-4b84-8150-b63e676cff1a 00:37:41.209 --> 00:37:44.150 place faster. Solving difficult NOTE Confidence: 0.89738517999649 a8315e05-8fbf-4c50-b8c9-f81236eac082 00:37:44.150 --> 00:37:49.010 problems, like green energy, often requires revolutionary NOTE Confidence: 0.89738517999649 f64a66d3-0103-40de-a896-ad2f7cfbeb0b 00:37:49.010 --> 00:37:55.670 approaches. I use animals as a way to think about new solutions NOTE Confidence: 0.89738517999649 f7807f78-2219-4daf-ab34-1348a7734b91 00:37:55.670 --> 00:37:57.335 to these problems." NOTE Confidence: 0.903300702571869 04fd0dba-5353-44de-9d8d-f6002ca59358 00:37:57.890 --> 00:37:58.620 End quote. NOTE Confidence: 0.851288735866547 c2a7a3a5-1eb8-484d-9fac-eb3d556d39fe 00:38:00.180 --> 00:38:06.744 As you read chapters 9 and 10 of Honeybee Democracy, look for NOTE Confidence: 0.851288735866547 f6135fb9-94e6-4763-8029-79150fec5d63 00:38:06.744 --> 00:38:11.667 examples for how Seeley is proposing we use social NOTE Confidence: 0.851288735866547 8acee5e4-494b-47dd-846a-aa975d0ed366 00:38:11.667 --> 00:38:14.949 insects as models for considering revolutionary NOTE Confidence: 0.851288735866547 4e9c18e7-2c51-4f32-9222-842420cc1985 00:38:14.949 --> 00:38:17.137 approaches to solving human NOTE Confidence: 0.841348111629486 9c852ce7-6706-4b0a-8cc9-5f60aba90bda 00:38:17.137 --> 00:38:22.745 problems. Your class can debate, like little honeybees, the NOTE Confidence: 0.841348111629486 b5023ca6-2801-4ccb-a562-36ca1285486d 00:38:22.745 --> 00:38:26.625 appropriateness of analogies between bees and neurons in the NOTE Confidence: 0.841348111629486 4c5bea36-2359-4c91-9286-4fec49decb52 00:38:26.625 --> 00:38:31.475 brain, or constituents at a town hall meeting. These later NOTE Confidence: 0.841348111629486 da7c937f-5dd7-4a40-a4a8-0ed81cac93c9 00:38:31.475 --> 00:38:36.810 sections are open to critique because even the best models are NOTE Confidence: 0.841348111629486 c3412d97-5430-498a-9129-57124e687b53 00:38:36.810 --> 00:38:41.660 meant to be simpler than the reality they help us NOTE Confidence: 0.885010719299316 bc4b744e-e265-43a9-8e3f-914f4d1ea517 00:38:41.660 --> 00:38:47.408 understand. However, it is at least worth considering how NOTE Confidence: 0.885010719299316 a125df2b-ef8b-4d44-8077-bb97029435df 00:38:47.408 --> 00:38:51.475 well the knowledge transfers, because sometimes the NOTE Confidence: 0.885010719299316 a50331da-0fe1-4698-b0a3-707ba8d90237 00:38:51.475 --> 00:38:53.218 honeybee analogies stick. NOTE Confidence: 0.855994582176209 99c960f6-9031-4034-b96f-407b0abbbdb1 00:38:55.220 --> 00:39:01.666 For example, Tom Seeley's work on honeybee foraging was later NOTE Confidence: 0.855994582176209 126023fd-fc69-448b-b8fa-9a89109aee1d 00:39:01.666 --> 00:39:07.526 used as a blueprint for software engineers to develop NOTE Confidence: 0.855994582176209 a805f48d-ca1f-4ac1-9346-127e0c9b39e1 00:39:07.526 --> 00:39:12.800 the "Honey Bee Algorithm." This algorithm is currently being NOTE Confidence: 0.855994582176209 aa003f49-b894-4293-bf9d-0521d2b81666 00:39:12.800 --> 00:39:16.902 used to more efficiently allocate Internet NOTE Confidence: 0.855994582176209 af51f0ef-7072-4968-b9ab-4b2ad6984c4c 00:39:16.902 --> 00:39:21.590 traffic among servers and sparked a multibillion dollar NOTE Confidence: 0.864218413829803 a8c543b6-f523-487d-8665-3c9ad8e502bb 00:39:21.590 --> 00:39:27.623 industry. In recognition for their work, Tom Seeley and his NOTE Confidence: 0.864218413829803 5aefdbd6-da03-4e5e-bda6-e659c97c39c4 00:39:27.623 --> 00:39:31.999 colleagues received the Golden Goose Award in 2016. NOTE Confidence: 0.907282948493958 eeea175b-5f0a-4567-943f-e2258eec5b31 00:39:32.790 --> 00:39:38.394 In response to the Golden Fleece Award of shame, the Golden Goose NOTE Confidence: 0.907282948493958 ccac4eee-9f6b-4194-adca-9f58f58b0b0f 00:39:38.394 --> 00:39:43.064 Award was founded in 2012 to highlight examples of federally- NOTE Confidence: 0.907282948493958 96cbaf79-5437-483a-adec-58f69aba2fc5 00:39:43.064 --> 00:39:47.734 funded research projects that may sound obscure at first, but NOTE Confidence: 0.907282948493958 fc4e3550-f068-486e-986d-f479c595dcf5 00:39:47.734 --> 00:39:49.602 eventually lead to major NOTE Confidence: 0.899737536907196 50c8b583-fbcf-4de0-b7a9-7e44affeced7 00:39:49.602 --> 00:39:54.326 breakthroughs. Just like the mythical goose, curiosity- NOTE Confidence: 0.899737536907196 6a85ec94-a45c-459e-a7e5-4d816477ffcc 00:39:54.326 --> 00:39:58.568 driven research sometimes produces a golden egg. NOTE Confidence: 0.876004278659821 eaf41700-e481-4d75-82f8-47516d45d89b 00:39:59.830 --> 00:40:04.604 I realize that my argument that there is value to funding NOTE Confidence: 0.876004278659821 ac6f1663-9a30-4143-b2fb-12b077fcd6eb 00:40:04.604 --> 00:40:08.510 curiosity-driven pursuits may be less persuasive during a time NOTE Confidence: 0.876004278659821 fa5da3d2-5c98-4ecd-bf4a-19966eec291f 00:40:08.510 --> 00:40:13.284 when the scientific community is all-hands-on-deck, studying the NOTE Confidence: 0.876004278659821 b550325a-4727-4c43-94aa-932c6dccb8fc 00:40:13.284 --> 00:40:16.756 novel coronavirus and developing rapid tests, vaccines, and NOTE Confidence: 0.876004278659821 36f4eccd-05f7-43c3-97ed-bf4181673ec0 00:40:16.756 --> 00:40:21.530 therapies to save lives and hopefully allow us to return to NOTE Confidence: 0.876004278659821 b18dad7d-c44a-4411-9182-46450dc7e68a 00:40:21.530 --> 00:40:23.266 a sense of normalcy. NOTE Confidence: 0.87604033946991 fc77c698-b428-46ee-ae0c-0647a0439bf8 00:40:23.910 --> 00:40:28.110 There have been tens of thousands of scientific papers published NOTE Confidence: 0.87604033946991 16753055-bae3-466c-a77d-a548a89a1f24 00:40:28.110 --> 00:40:30.630 on the novel coronavirus so far NOTE Confidence: 0.914166510105133 17e94c5b-cf35-4d1a-b73a-7f77206f9113 00:40:30.630 --> 00:40:36.005 this year. It is right that we are prioritizing applied science NOTE Confidence: 0.914166510105133 26f2adab-ee86-423b-a56b-f5c034009d4f 00:40:36.005 --> 00:40:37.190 in this moment. NOTE Confidence: 0.904796600341797 4ac46918-1b40-4997-b426-ec0e6c4cc887 00:40:38.070 --> 00:40:43.722 So what is the role of basic or curiosity-driven research during NOTE Confidence: 0.920202970504761 181feb94-3e47-475a-a65a-47cf2044c9d2 00:40:43.722 --> 00:40:48.472 this crisis? Although there are many uncertainties and NOTE Confidence: 0.920202970504761 67ed96df-74e1-41d5-90d3-77749516d9e4 00:40:48.472 --> 00:40:49.978 challenges that remain, NOTE Confidence: 0.901817083358765 7f0ad6f0-a710-406a-ae36-694a727296d9 00:40:50.600 --> 00:40:52.820 one thing that has been certain NOTE Confidence: 0.888446688652039 e247da81-8e19-47f8-8a1e-3b028a1badd7 00:40:53.900 --> 00:40:58.428 is that the rapid speed of scientific advancements NOTE Confidence: 0.888446688652039 9500f699-76cf-4c1e-9420-57f977c37d41 00:40:58.428 --> 00:41:00.692 surrounding COVID-19 has been NOTE Confidence: 0.891471087932587 3fae9f53-f9ad-4b4c-8a0c-7a4867c3852d 00:41:00.692 --> 00:41:05.698 unprecedented. Many scientists credit the basic science done in NOTE Confidence: 0.891471087932587 4d00d9b6-e322-4dba-8422-318d54588c62 00:41:05.698 --> 00:41:11.170 earlier years, when we weren't in a crisis, for the body of NOTE Confidence: 0.891471087932587 c478d10e-1d82-401b-839c-15609d140f64 00:41:11.170 --> 00:41:15.730 knowledge and tools we now have that allowed scientists to NOTE Confidence: 0.891471087932587 63c3ca48-87ba-4855-b111-0617c840f7ac 00:41:15.730 --> 00:41:18.922 immediately pivot to today's necessary applied work. NOTE Confidence: 0.874108135700226 23e9aa9f-f5b9-470d-be04-e9581fde0979 00:41:19.930 --> 00:41:25.001 For example, a recent NPR story highlights the work of a NOTE Confidence: 0.874108135700226 f8d8d95a-41a9-4974-9673-8659c1e85600 00:41:25.001 --> 00:41:29.150 bioscience company that jumped into developing a new COVID-19 NOTE Confidence: 0.874108135700226 a83eed1b-4938-4bc9-ba37-a88a98388037 00:41:29.150 --> 00:41:34.682 test using a gene editing tool that was not initially seen as NOTE Confidence: 0.874108135700226 afb7d570-f86c-498b-b851-461fb7f2a76c 00:41:34.682 --> 00:41:37.448 being very useful when it was NOTE Confidence: 0.877534627914429 5c1612eb-cd9f-46e6-b4e8-b49121427615 00:41:37.448 --> 00:41:42.766 first discovered. Years ago, they wanted molecular "scissors" NOTE Confidence: 0.879498302936554 46918f09-644a-4ad9-b511-f2d650add8f8 00:41:43.430 --> 00:41:48.140 that could make targeted cuts of genes, but these particular NOTE Confidence: 0.879498302936554 6eb984b4-b749-4cb9-9099-850c33cbe50c 00:41:48.140 --> 00:41:50.024 "scissors" were going rogue. NOTE Confidence: 0.888197183609009 b3461ede-8f16-4285-9da3-ad91f4058c9d 00:41:51.040 --> 00:41:52.432 They were cutting all over the NOTE Confidence: 0.922360777854919 01461f9b-f960-4620-b0c8-4259a9b51e23 00:41:52.432 --> 00:41:55.585 place. A complete failure, or so NOTE Confidence: 0.853296995162964 e4cca3e7-03b6-47ed-adea-d00062f19d60 00:41:55.585 --> 00:42:00.808 it seemed. But the scientists pursued their work, wondering if NOTE Confidence: 0.853296995162964 e1354497-494b-413d-82ff-d84818cd1906 00:42:00.808 --> 00:42:04.696 runaway gene scissors could be useful one day. NOTE Confidence: 0.929357528686523 71080289-6d85-4a48-9a27-a1c06f7937cb 00:42:05.440 --> 00:42:06.500 And it turns out NOTE Confidence: 0.88427871465683 3c313683-29ec-4762-a063-51286f1ebdc2 00:42:07.120 --> 00:42:11.688 that runaway scissors are useful for developing fast, NOTE Confidence: 0.88427871465683 d11a2080-efb1-4861-bce5-a105d25e7b68 00:42:11.688 --> 00:42:16.827 cheap, and accurate diagnostic tests for viruses, which is NOTE Confidence: 0.88427871465683 e9f30798-9002-45c9-a7f8-8519a0b8cd03 00:42:16.827 --> 00:42:22.537 what we now need to track and prevent COVID-19 outbreaks. NOTE Confidence: 0.863348543643951 1a95e9a1-4c35-4fce-b3e3-74558cd5f141 00:42:24.410 --> 00:42:30.031 Over and over again, Seeley shows us examples of "pursuing personal NOTE Confidence: 0.863348543643951 15cb03a0-71ca-4fd6-927a-fcfa12be9056 00:42:30.031 --> 00:42:34.119 curiosity and getting an unexpected bonus of practical NOTE Confidence: 0.852364957332611 790899cf-c9ca-4989-beeb-2d00cc6e7a79 00:42:34.119 --> 00:42:39.820 results." From the minor application of how his work NOTE Confidence: 0.852364957332611 fe823d58-1b2f-4c2f-a238-604d402b9e1a 00:42:39.820 --> 00:42:43.635 designing bait hives provided practical information for NOTE Confidence: 0.852364957332611 5bfade20-c6e1-4763-978a-9bddb1c33df2 00:42:43.635 --> 00:42:48.540 beekeepers--to the potentially major application of how a NOTE Confidence: 0.852364957332611 6717197c-f435-4f45-8b4f-ec56a99ab371 00:42:48.540 --> 00:42:52.900 familiarity with Asian honeybee feces may have de-escalated NOTE Confidence: 0.852364957332611 1262a182-7d1f-4671-ad43-3852175328d4 00:42:52.900 --> 00:42:56.715 international tensions over a suspicious yellow substance. NOTE Confidence: 0.862846493721008 90c67c6d-45a1-47b6-99b0-4597cceecdf6 00:42:58.630 --> 00:43:02.986 Seeley shows us that it is important to be a community of NOTE Confidence: 0.862846493721008 9f683672-6d84-4b7e-a5a1-f1c0e6f39a3e 00:43:02.986 --> 00:43:06.616 liberal learners, because we can't always know in advance how NOTE Confidence: 0.862846493721008 62195d17-da1a-414a-9e7b-7293c60ac532 00:43:06.616 --> 00:43:08.794 our knowledge will be put to NOTE Confidence: 0.92960649728775 035cbe98-55b8-4e87-94f3-bb3a475ad7c2 00:43:08.794 --> 00:43:14.779 future use. College is the perfect time to be driven by NOTE Confidence: 0.919314861297607 11efee5d-24fb-43d5-b042-653ebfe58434 00:43:14.779 --> 00:43:19.770 curiosity. Perhaps you or your loved ones are eager to know NOTE Confidence: 0.919314861297607 f47fb1f0-162d-4434-9e36-f14ff182b4a0 00:43:19.770 --> 00:43:25.034 what you were going to do with the rest of your lives, and you NOTE Confidence: 0.919314861297607 3e89678e-5400-4b12-be50-836d2e9f419b 00:43:25.034 --> 00:43:28.418 are filling your schedule with required courses and experiences NOTE Confidence: 0.919314861297607 5d8a927f-ee57-4200-b494-67b2bcf03684 00:43:28.418 --> 00:43:31.802 intended to provide you with practical job skills. NOTE Confidence: 0.856975317001343 9dfe1dec-8367-412a-ad4c-fd8207ad6224 00:43:32.750 --> 00:43:37.080 Seeley describes how, as an undergraduate, he prepared for a NOTE Confidence: 0.856975317001343 33c68d1d-7cef-4e20-b32c-e630ba1ad173 00:43:37.080 --> 00:43:38.379 career in medicine. NOTE Confidence: 0.888078093528748 7b35cca6-5165-46ef-a9d9-5995b1ee66a1 00:43:39.170 --> 00:43:44.142 Yet he never abandoned his curiosity for honeybees, and he NOTE Confidence: 0.888078093528748 b72b56f6-4967-4fac-9631-a5ffc990fd31 00:43:44.142 --> 00:43:49.114 found ways of bringing his interest in honeybees into his NOTE Confidence: 0.858334422111511 12eec491-1df3-49db-a2f3-7fb978569802 00:43:49.114 --> 00:43:54.028 class projects. Taking a German class so he could translate an NOTE Confidence: 0.858334422111511 0e8ea0da-2d8b-479e-b80f-1c1154a17e83 00:43:54.028 --> 00:43:55.144 article by Lindauer, NOTE Confidence: 0.79141241312027 62ebfacc-b2eb-4656-a3d8-9450cee6ac83 00:43:55.810 --> 00:43:59.548 and studying bee pheromones in chemistry class. NOTE Confidence: 0.864092111587524 771f4115-9437-4c1d-b4b5-e2295e282d23 00:44:00.590 --> 00:44:03.785 You already know how things turned out for Seeley. NOTE Confidence: 0.88736754655838 1bd2eb84-d0c4-42a2-9b2a-0557ab875283 00:44:04.690 --> 00:44:08.474 He had the opportunity to attend medical school, but had learned NOTE Confidence: 0.88736754655838 c6f501b0-67b0-4d67-940c-08aebdff600f 00:44:08.474 --> 00:44:12.946 by then that it was possible to make a career out of studying NOTE Confidence: 0.88736754655838 771b69c9-52b3-41cd-aa18-78e1c6ff9cc2 00:44:12.946 --> 00:44:15.010 honeybees. He took the second NOTE Confidence: 0.882142543792725 bc371ea1-9725-47cc-aa2e-509872cff5d6 00:44:15.010 --> 00:44:21.320 path. Yes, it is prudent to plan for the future, but as you NOTE Confidence: 0.882142543792725 6aa01e2b-2a8f-43a9-9aa1-7aa873a9b261 00:44:21.320 --> 00:44:25.570 prepare for your Life After Lawrence, I encourage you to NOTE Confidence: 0.882142543792725 58ae0de4-51bd-480a-8bf9-1840ff895a8f 00:44:25.570 --> 00:44:28.970 take some classes based solely on your curiosity. NOTE Confidence: 0.876033902168274 793bda94-15e4-43d4-984a-1f840cfa498f 00:44:29.640 --> 00:44:32.946 Curiosity-driven discoveries feed our brain NOTE Confidence: 0.876033902168274 a3594c58-5d1c-4189-b352-16a2446534c1 00:44:32.946 --> 00:44:37.354 and illuminate new paths we didn't know existed. NOTE Confidence: 0.898182451725006 4cacd520-b9dc-464b-aa18-f190a529e80a 00:44:38.450 --> 00:44:42.437 Like our friends the honeybees, your general education NOTE Confidence: 0.898182451725006 13fe9d07-746d-4850-957d-2ce8c9e375f8 00:44:42.437 --> 00:44:44.652 classes are "sweetness and light." NOTE Confidence: 0.856069266796112 9133d109-6f61-4044-b4e1-22fe9edd88e9 00:44:47.720 --> 00:44:51.570 We can also learn from Seeley's personal account of his NOTE Confidence: 0.856069266796112 66982d2e-9e42-443f-9d39-f6545b10f884 00:44:51.570 --> 00:44:55.035 research failures and triumphs that a scientist is resilient. NOTE Confidence: 0.856069266796112 ff593bd1-69b5-477e-aab8-15cc3be4958f 00:44:55.035 --> 00:45:00.040 Now to be clear, I am not claiming that Seeley has had a NOTE Confidence: 0.882722735404968 d4886345-6aa1-40de-bd31-0836221a801a 00:45:00.040 --> 00:45:06.790 hard life. By his own account, he had a happy childhood, a  NOTE Confidence: 0.882722735404968 1d66b520-0889-48e3-8332-1cb2be269517 00:45:06.790 --> 00:45:10.542 privileged education, supportive mentors, and many opportunities NOTE Confidence: 0.882722735404968 9cd3eb2c-0de4-4f50-9f72-a053c5ed735e 00:45:10.542 --> 00:45:12.150 afforded to him. NOTE Confidence: 0.919888079166412 c177f7c5-12d4-480e-b70f-182e3d89d4fe 00:45:12.830 --> 00:45:17.839 In contrast, many of you have had to overcome NOTE Confidence: 0.919888079166412 68877ab5-8960-40f9-b39c-3875785f09f9 00:45:17.839 --> 00:45:21.655 personal or systematic barriers to even be here NOTE Confidence: 0.919888079166412 bdced2d5-ab6a-4f1f-8dbf-e918fe3bca39 00:45:21.655 --> 00:45:22.132 today. NOTE Confidence: 0.837528705596924 6abd3e22-3658-4d52-86df-19b86a1e25ec 00:45:23.260 --> 00:45:28.023 What I mean to emphasize here is that in Honeybee Democracy, NOTE Confidence: 0.837528705596924 e6e319e4-a364-4f1a-a39d-a0e0a5eea8e3 00:45:28.023 --> 00:45:32.786 Seeley does not shy away from speaking of his many research NOTE Confidence: 0.837528705596924 25c0fbb5-5def-4ea0-9a0b-cccd8f2c6850 00:45:32.786 --> 00:45:34.085 mishaps and blunders. NOTE Confidence: 0.84022855758667 5dec3763-d3d1-4277-80a7-876bdac5b810 00:45:35.840 --> 00:45:40.010 Seeley's honest accounts of his various mistakes can teach us NOTE Confidence: 0.84022855758667 4007e30a-bd03-48a5-b234-11811fc5ded6 00:45:40.010 --> 00:45:42.929 something important about the process of science. NOTE Confidence: 0.892734348773956 01183ac4-85c6-44b8-a018-e1342fd0eddf 00:45:43.820 --> 00:45:47.840 Although failure is not officially named as a step in NOTE Confidence: 0.892734348773956 c2dee297-2ce7-4ff7-a0db-e322fc1196c0 00:45:47.840 --> 00:45:49.046 the scientific method, NOTE Confidence: 0.897874474525452 f41d1de1-5e8c-4778-9a3c-19815738fde4 00:45:50.000 --> 00:45:52.256 it's here. Can you see it? NOTE Confidence: 0.860021770000458 2e82b441-0aa8-49fa-8ac0-5c903fd1278a 00:45:53.810 --> 00:45:57.797 Failure is part of what gives the scientific method NOTE Confidence: 0.860021770000458 c1a0330c-bf4b-40e3-add5-f46df15be03e 00:45:57.797 --> 00:46:01.341 is circular shape. Going back, revising, and trying NOTE Confidence: 0.860021770000458 481848cb-4756-46ba-9a86-2ddbf66e3fde 00:46:01.341 --> 00:46:04.885 things differently is well understood to be an NOTE Confidence: 0.860021770000458 ae99e0e4-eaa9-4a65-871e-a709c9b777ab 00:46:04.885 --> 00:46:08.429 integral part of science, yet these failures are NOTE Confidence: 0.860021770000458 8aa41380-deca-45a3-9aec-979752f642ee 00:46:08.429 --> 00:46:12.416 often hidden from the papers we publish and the NOTE Confidence: 0.860021770000458 dcb702e3-edda-40fd-bf7b-3f090e74cb11 00:46:12.416 --> 00:46:13.745 resumes we prepare. NOTE Confidence: 0.870445132255554 d5b6f4ce-6233-4758-bb78-36072ea3ebbd 00:46:15.810 --> 00:46:19.830 Seeley does not mention in his scientific papers, for example, NOTE Confidence: 0.870445132255554 97a65502-3ea7-41db-8e29-23190579200c 00:46:19.830 --> 00:46:23.850 how he initially biased his experimental design to select a NOTE Confidence: 0.870445132255554 14bb8f9d-2262-4e4b-8881-613a8c5b10a0 00:46:23.850 --> 00:46:27.870 disproportionate number of tree cavities that were lower to the NOTE Confidence: 0.870445132255554 8fe90ff5-ada7-48dc-818c-b46e9e132090 00:46:27.870 --> 00:46:31.890 ground, making it difficult to find the bees' true preference NOTE Confidence: 0.870445132255554 dbee757a-a600-4bb7-ba63-3e10cdd981d0 00:46:31.890 --> 00:46:34.302 for high up in the trees. NOTE Confidence: 0.820434868335724 8afafb71-3bb2-4be0-84af-c6abd2b39de4 00:46:34.890 --> 00:46:38.402 Or that he narrowly escaped death by cyanide NOTE Confidence: 0.820434868335724 1a04e09f-9f0b-448e-b6b7-2b06be7e3530 00:46:38.402 --> 00:46:41.475 poisoning after an accidental bumble. That was NOTE Confidence: 0.820434868335724 eb359abe-c605-470a-a3b8-29e6d33f7a71 00:46:41.475 --> 00:46:42.792 a big one. NOTE Confidence: 0.805931150913239 dae65bd5-4eeb-4d8d-bbdd-431b59f09f2d 00:46:43.980 --> 00:46:48.138 Or that he cleverly transported his research equipment and NOTE Confidence: 0.805931150913239 fe4aa8e0-b612-48fa-974a-059cdc06f49e 00:46:48.138 --> 00:46:52.758 thousands of honey bees to a treeless, beeless Appledore NOTE Confidence: 0.805931150913239 6f7fc061-d08d-4d37-97b0-c0ee38331246 00:46:52.758 --> 00:46:58.302 Island, only to have his bees choose the chimney of a local NOTE Confidence: 0.805931150913239 93219d6e-9bcc-4270-abaf-3fedcc234fff 00:46:58.302 --> 00:47:00.612 hermit over his bait boxes. NOTE Confidence: 0.829050302505493 381cd17d-b75f-4c02-8efd-7985f7192de4 00:47:01.630 --> 00:47:07.383 This to me, is a refreshingly honest depiction of the ups and NOTE Confidence: 0.829050302505493 9213a9d1-d9e1-4c0c-a150-f74feb4cadf4 00:47:07.383 --> 00:47:09.998 downs inherent to doing science. NOTE Confidence: 0.925056576728821 251fc0e5-ab28-418c-8d13-1b03b585fee8 00:47:11.070 --> 00:47:14.870 Earlier, I mentioned some of my professional accomplishments-- NOTE Confidence: 0.925056576728821 5764354b-8e18-4b2c-af2e-607d39590322 00:47:14.870 --> 00:47:17.245 all those papers I published. NOTE Confidence: 0.867465972900391 c851a847-8680-4e16-9ae5-80c7e501f03c 00:47:18.040 --> 00:47:22.770 I did not mention to you that I failed my first NOTE Confidence: 0.867465972900391 f13e0b39-00b5-4801-a293-eb18cffdc5f5 00:47:22.770 --> 00:47:26.210 college biology test because I misbubbled the NOTE Confidence: 0.867465972900391 681f2c60-8748-4584-af97-e875ac56bce0 00:47:26.210 --> 00:47:29.220 scantron. Or that my undergraduate thesis project NOTE Confidence: 0.867465972900391 26ac3fc7-dbe3-4064-8522-f3b0cffaebd3 00:47:29.220 --> 00:47:32.230 was never published because my hypothesis wasn't NOTE Confidence: 0.867465972900391 16d99e41-296b-4ee5-b377-966294f46760 00:47:32.230 --> 00:47:33.950 supported by the data. NOTE Confidence: 0.866869032382965 080eba79-4611-4afe-81fb-924dc5ee0d65 00:47:35.440 --> 00:47:40.324 I didn't mention that it took me many years to complete my NOTE Confidence: 0.866869032382965 927e6ba8-d2e8-4887-a44c-fa6c520cf293 00:47:40.324 --> 00:47:43.173 graduate degree because my first dissertation project NOTE Confidence: 0.866869032382965 6e1f980c-c792-4b8e-922b-8ffa5eea81d5 00:47:43.173 --> 00:47:47.243 failed to get off the ground and my second dissertation NOTE Confidence: 0.866869032382965 0d53973e-b7e5-4594-b07b-14979a6d3354 00:47:47.243 --> 00:47:50.499 project was completely destroyed when a hurricane hit NOTE Confidence: 0.866869032382965 5e5ee7e5-62f5-46d0-9a6a-a164a45f61c6 00:47:50.499 --> 00:47:54.162 my coastal field site a year after I started the NOTE Confidence: 0.866869032382965 95c5ff83-770c-4003-b0bf-00cc4995de90 00:47:54.162 --> 00:47:54.569 experiment. NOTE Confidence: 0.89248138666153 44cd2f9c-a528-4470-a96f-618a0c915586 00:47:55.760 --> 00:48:00.350 I mentioned the publications that resulted from my third and NOTE Confidence: 0.89248138666153 c3a0094e-495e-403e-a723-bfbd54f20283 00:48:00.350 --> 00:48:04.022 successful dissertation project, although I didn't mention the NOTE Confidence: 0.89248138666153 134f572b-9008-4b08-86d9-bc4b6d489fab 00:48:04.022 --> 00:48:08.153 many rejections and revisions that came before that finished NOTE Confidence: 0.887624800205231 e194b2ac-32b5-4378-aeac-bca78bd1a2d1 00:48:08.153 --> 00:48:14.172 product. Or that I accidentally washed my advisor's expensive GPS NOTE Confidence: 0.887624800205231 fa7ab89d-2c9f-4686-8419-afb5041d0adf 00:48:14.172 --> 00:48:19.104 unit in the laundry with my stinky field clothes. NOTE Confidence: 0.913994371891022 2ebf03e7-62b1-46e7-9603-95d70949ba97 00:48:19.670 --> 00:48:23.174 (You know, if we had just stuck with the paper maps, that NOTE Confidence: 0.913994371891022 02d80375-e3dc-4606-ae8f-95a0259a7cf1 00:48:23.174 --> 00:48:24.342 would have never happened.) NOTE Confidence: 0.874084174633026 7fd28bbb-115b-45e0-962e-f0ab5d234157 00:48:25.970 --> 00:48:29.699 I am fortunate that my setbacks were only relatively minor, but NOTE Confidence: 0.874084174633026 1e957e8d-52d3-4118-9271-61db32c1db4e 00:48:29.699 --> 00:48:33.767 at the time they felt like a very big deal to me. NOTE Confidence: 0.90045577287674 c8705022-063c-472d-a5ef-32c035b30764 00:48:34.860 --> 00:48:39.774 It turns out that Seeley and I are in good company. Even the NOTE Confidence: 0.90045577287674 5be4b80e-ca83-4275-a410-4d136d7108a5 00:48:39.774 --> 00:48:43.554 most famous biologist of the past two centuries had his NOTE Confidence: 0.90045577287674 d28537c7-89de-4c2f-a7d9-ba090fe30bea 00:48:43.554 --> 00:48:45.066 moments of doubt and NOTE Confidence: 0.912778794765472 9106586a-91a3-4290-9ba3-31d5bd00d076 00:48:45.066 --> 00:48:47.580 frustration. You know of NOTE Confidence: 0.90179967880249 90dc93fa-ba58-44cc-87b4-7de4a3cecddc 00:48:47.580 --> 00:48:51.460 Darwin's accomplishments. But there was another, more NOTE Confidence: 0.90179967880249 1c7cba85-3208-43a5-aef1-69756ef2f702 00:48:51.460 --> 00:48:56.168 relatable side of Darwin known only to his close friends and NOTE Confidence: 0.90179967880249 1e9fdce1-21d0-45d9-804a-2952015b5a73 00:48:56.168 --> 00:49:00.020 colleagues, with whom he shared his scientific ideas and NOTE Confidence: 0.86562442779541 d9402b60-1ce8-4039-b8a6-97541710946d 00:49:00.020 --> 00:49:03.430 frustrations. Many written correspondences have NOTE Confidence: 0.86562442779541 ec09c4fe-b803-42b1-8888-06e8beb69e87 00:49:03.430 --> 00:49:08.470 survived, including one he wrote to his friend, Charles NOTE Confidence: 0.86562442779541 d0466f11-3212-4a50-a9ac-485cecef6b14 00:49:08.470 --> 00:49:10.150 Lyell, a geologist. NOTE Confidence: 0.903149127960205 1c066b5f-87cb-495f-943b-6eef95449d18 00:49:11.480 --> 00:49:17.156 This letter was written in 1861 during a time when Darwin was NOTE Confidence: 0.903149127960205 6b418f1f-e803-46dc-84b4-58da5a131306 00:49:17.156 --> 00:49:20.467 well-established and respected in his profession. NOTE Confidence: 0.899679958820343 256e313a-f33a-41b9-909e-e755d79f98bf 00:49:21.240 --> 00:49:25.970 It is in this context of success that Darwin writes the NOTE Confidence: 0.913727283477783 5a1d19a5-081c-4ee3-b97e-b0a8115988fb 00:49:25.970 --> 00:49:29.249 following. It's hard to read his handwriting, so NOTE Confidence: 0.913727283477783 bb263dfa-d059-425f-aa7a-5411f6fb1b7e 00:49:29.249 --> 00:49:30.734 I'll give you the text. NOTE Confidence: 0.902167975902557 5ec71b7a-e128-41b4-ae54-1bcf2c933d25 00:49:32.690 --> 00:49:37.851 "But I am very poorly today and very stupid and I hate everybody NOTE Confidence: 0.902167975902557 3428673d-4751-4d6e-af50-62863817a718 00:49:37.851 --> 00:49:42.615 in everything." That is the best quote ever. A quote which seems NOTE Confidence: 0.902167975902557 6b1fede3-278d-4a15-b17d-50a32814a6cf 00:49:42.615 --> 00:49:47.379 much better suited to Grumpy Cat--may she rest in peace--than NOTE Confidence: 0.902167975902557 d8af8deb-5d5c-48ed-afa3-9f667908081a 00:49:47.379 --> 00:49:48.967 to a famous biologist. NOTE Confidence: 0.848459839820862 a4708875-9c1b-4981-8411-7e6933b997de 00:49:50.850 --> 00:49:53.010 Darwin continues by writing: NOTE Confidence: 0.86503404378891 a963efa3-2d91-4df8-82c1-b72142beaea6 00:49:53.520 --> 00:49:56.658 "One lives only to make blunders." NOTE Confidence: 0.762974500656128 881663d8-c6b1-4b02-9773-460bc9c14318 00:49:58.340 --> 00:49:59.628 I'm feeling you, Chuck. NOTE Confidence: 0.821370184421539 e728d66a-79fe-4c5a-8093-287e2846c890 00:50:00.910 --> 00:50:06.256 Getting back to Seeley, I find it interesting that he intimately NOTE Confidence: 0.821370184421539 f4a673e1-47ac-4229-8bea-cef3899d907f 00:50:06.256 --> 00:50:10.630 ties his failures and frustrations to the joy of NOTE Confidence: 0.821370184421539 97854607-c473-408a-b27f-0cc7ff1503d2 00:50:10.630 --> 00:50:12.088 discovery.  He writes, NOTE Confidence: 0.862676739692688 3d430d7f-fbe4-4b47-b813-fea060d8375c 00:50:12.830 --> 00:50:17.670 "I can thank these beautiful little creatures for many hours NOTE Confidence: 0.862676739692688 ce0890e8-75e6-4559-b777-9d4b0d55f99e 00:50:17.670 --> 00:50:22.994 of the purest joy of discovery, interspersed among (to be sure) NOTE Confidence: 0.862676739692688 16fd4d47-54fe-4868-8a7c-a70aa64932c5 00:50:22.994 --> 00:50:27.350 days and weeks of fruitless and sometimes discouraging work." NOTE Confidence: 0.862676739692688 52747607-034e-4186-9bc7-3b45ad1f9ffe 00:50:27.350 --> 00:50:32.190 Indeed, in the pursuit of discovery, we often must risk NOTE Confidence: 0.862676739692688 fb89bcec-45f4-40fb-b4a9-a6a42ec72709 00:50:32.190 --> 00:50:36.062 moments of failure and frustration to experience the NOTE Confidence: 0.862676739692688 b0b5fd77-fd0a-4b04-a461-f13fbaa7ae2c 00:50:36.062 --> 00:50:39.450 intellectual highs essential to the creative process. NOTE Confidence: 0.865277707576752 e607bfa8-a6c9-4ef1-944f-652abd8367a0 00:50:41.080 --> 00:50:45.250 Seeley seems to value his experiences in failure and what NOTE Confidence: 0.865277707576752 e4cf743b-a1c9-4f25-b4ca-47514a332f71 00:50:45.250 --> 00:50:46.918 he learned from them. NOTE Confidence: 0.89857292175293 52ce42a7-bdb7-4213-bc2b-6e89586c4faf 00:50:48.340 --> 00:50:51.300 How do we value our failures and setbacks? NOTE Confidence: 0.889067053794861 cb38c065-f593-4695-befc-6c78968939f9 00:50:52.580 --> 00:50:57.717 You too will likely encounter both joy and failure this year NOTE Confidence: 0.889067053794861 f10e864a-b909-44ac-a70a-f1258e51754e 00:50:57.717 --> 00:51:01.920 as you work in your classrooms, laboratories, and studios NOTE Confidence: 0.889067053794861 b89783f6-07f4-48bd-9aa6-777991cded41 00:51:01.920 --> 00:51:06.590 (whether in-person or virtual) in the pursuit of knowledge, NOTE Confidence: 0.889067053794861 12d2e4ca-3525-4a66-b532-9b36720d27f8 00:51:06.590 --> 00:51:11.260 Resiliency is also something you can safely practice at Lawrence. NOTE Confidence: 0.86624151468277 8abce117-e13d-4a1a-ad26-9fd84ce5c4bf 00:51:11.790 --> 00:51:13.490 And it's a highly transferable NOTE Confidence: 0.916400015354156 0c45a7dd-ebc3-4ee5-9439-e9487dd0eedd 00:51:13.490 --> 00:51:18.210 skill. For many students, the first term of college is the NOTE Confidence: 0.916400015354156 35b8657f-04bb-4bc0-a021-30f209c45cfe 00:51:18.210 --> 00:51:21.760 hardest, and this is true even without the unique challenges NOTE Confidence: 0.916400015354156 2e8bef1c-6ee3-4b55-b198-f5bfa4be1217 00:51:21.760 --> 00:51:23.180 facing us this year. NOTE Confidence: 0.911286592483521 f2837329-e967-4a0a-b191-1df66ae2bb52 00:51:24.550 --> 00:51:28.270 You may find this study habits that got you through high school NOTE Confidence: 0.859468877315521 bfc09d02-0afa-4efb-8d70-1b8684932a7e 00:51:28.780 --> 00:51:29.920 are no longer NOTE Confidence: 0.864993274211884 a4726f57-0356-4852-8e2c-5c641ef4612e 00:51:30.570 --> 00:51:32.130 sufficient in college. NOTE Confidence: 0.872528910636902 1a11a6bf-2f05-4b1e-befa-22e02aaf669c 00:51:32.890 --> 00:51:36.994 You may be dissatisfied with the grade you earn on your first NOTE Confidence: 0.872528910636902 68816d37-2b53-4d14-acac-06e9fec567fe 00:51:36.994 --> 00:51:38.020 essay or exam. NOTE Confidence: 0.924878656864166 4c2c79e7-1ee1-4ce8-8bd2-c171eaf769fc 00:51:38.690 --> 00:51:40.790 These are common experiences. NOTE Confidence: 0.916335225105286 f3366bb9-7909-4915-9256-bcb19c629a17 00:51:41.340 --> 00:51:46.180 How you learn from these experiences is your NOTE Confidence: 0.916335225105286 74dfea26-c533-40f6-8f57-193dfb30f8dc 00:51:46.180 --> 00:51:49.205 opportunity to demonstrate academic resiliency. NOTE Confidence: 0.841544389724731 e700fd3a-07cb-41b8-8beb-6e1f743dc04d 00:51:51.260 --> 00:51:55.988 I've shared with you what I consider to be a few unexpected NOTE Confidence: 0.841544389724731 0d57d235-2e49-46e4-bed7-7bccc15d4e2a 00:51:55.988 --> 00:51:59.534 lessons from Seeley's accounts of experimenting with bees on NOTE Confidence: 0.869903922080994 0b70fd23-60e1-4fe2-8029-c991d1902d73 00:51:59.534 --> 00:52:03.290 Appledore Island. But Seeley reminds us that honeybees still NOTE Confidence: 0.869903922080994 2fa494cd-2112-42f6-96bb-76fd79513751 00:52:03.290 --> 00:52:05.090 have a lot to teach us. NOTE Confidence: 0.879290282726288 f0cc5f52-952b-4ce5-aa42-f34771e8ad3e 00:52:06.080 --> 00:52:09.194 "Some have said that honeybees are messengers NOTE Confidence: 0.879290282726288 810fa2d1-a2d4-43de-9d17-ab91344cddf1 00:52:09.194 --> 00:52:13.346 sent by the gods to show us how we ought to live." NOTE Confidence: 0.915126979351044 2fc44959-05b5-495f-831d-69baa9beaa17 00:52:14.540 --> 00:52:18.570 I will add that we should also look to honeybees for this NOTE Confidence: 0.915126979351044 f498fe79-dd73-40d8-8128-4aa73e886aa0 00:52:18.570 --> 00:52:19.810 additional bit of advice: NOTE Confidence: 0.884306907653809 b1d6a3a4-8f23-47db-b25b-f51911ae0082 00:52:20.740 --> 00:52:24.260 Share with others the sweet things you find in life. NOTE Confidence: 0.910002708435059 bee47aaa-de5b-4890-b6f2-87c454180407 00:52:24.780 --> 00:52:28.758 And dance like no one is watching and wondering. NOTE Confidence: 0.910002708435059 70c889d5-c053-4b84-8d90-51b4b211842b 00:52:28.758 --> 00:52:29.642 Thank you.