WEBVTT NOTE duration:"01:09:57.6560000" NOTE language:en-us NOTE Confidence: 0.860762178897858 d178c20e-e910-4d12-8c4e-0986980c789a 00:00:00.620 --> 00:00:04.921 Good morning, y'all. I'd like to take this opportunity to welcome NOTE Confidence: 0.860762178897858 1cc938b5-20f8-49c0-bf9b-2ce25783465d 00:00:04.921 --> 00:00:10.004 all of you to Lawrence. My name is Melissa Range, and I'm an NOTE Confidence: 0.860762178897858 6a2ae4ab-8ec1-41e1-b4cd-6e54626daa55 00:00:10.004 --> 00:00:13.523 Associate Professor of English here at Lawrence. I teach NOTE Confidence: 0.860762178897858 c78021ca-3071-4e7f-89f1-a8433187cef3 00:00:13.523 --> 00:00:17.042 poetry workshops and courses in American literature, and of NOTE Confidence: 0.860762178897858 59f97f48-eede-4e65-a7bf-27d2f8eab425 00:00:17.042 --> 00:00:21.343 course I also teach Freshman Studies. I'm the author of two NOTE Confidence: 0.860762178897858 233d3f77-0966-4cb2-82cb-1b9fdb340f61 00:00:21.343 --> 00:00:25.253 collections of poetry, Horse and Rider, published in 2010, and NOTE Confidence: 0.860762178897858 5da2a0a3-a63e-46bd-9e8f-fda5f6372779 00:00:25.253 --> 00:00:29.554 Scriptorium, published in 2016, and I'm currently at work on my NOTE Confidence: 0.860762178897858 693c2f3a-3ddc-4538-bfc6-b45c28586451 00:00:29.554 --> 00:00:33.073 third collection of poetry, which is about the abolitionist NOTE Confidence: 0.881625413894653 3341ee50-ddd7-4895-af25-c82a1670d80f 00:00:33.073 --> 00:00:34.588 movement in the United States. NOTE Confidence: 0.838180422782898 be3f49be-e9fa-4979-8716-c77a0a483a21 00:00:36.600 --> 00:00:39.490 I'm always honored to give the Freshman Studies lecture on NOTE Confidence: 0.838180422782898 419b7b36-2204-4443-a712-29dbaaaca6e0 00:00:39.490 --> 00:00:42.958 Native Guard, one of my favorite books by one of my favorite NOTE Confidence: 0.854355216026306 a135efb9-cb8b-45f7-8475-8cbd2e33a482 00:00:42.958 --> 00:00:47.606 poets. Before I begin, I would like to let you know that four NOTE Confidence: 0.854355216026306 2017f2a9-e59c-4296-a28c-07683dbd747b 00:00:47.606 --> 00:00:50.884 of your fellow Lawrentians will be reading the Trethewey poems I NOTE Confidence: 0.854355216026306 3416af6a-dda0-4de7-9a02-f971c9aba0ce 00:00:50.884 --> 00:00:54.162 discuss today in the lecture. I will introduce each of them NOTE Confidence: 0.854355216026306 e8e92096-9bfc-40da-abb7-562234ae3fd5 00:00:54.162 --> 00:00:58.036 before they read, and I wanted to offer my thanks to them here NOTE Confidence: 0.854355216026306 a50c0526-f85f-44ce-84f7-74bca6ed2f35 00:00:58.036 --> 00:00:59.526 before we begin. Thank you, NOTE Confidence: 0.9124675989151 3692d0a0-4fc0-4ab0-b688-cc3cde6c8366 00:00:59.526 --> 00:01:02.949 readers, so much. I'm going to share my screen with you now. NOTE Confidence: 0.770385921001434 07c15cb6-5286-4989-b540-e2aeb2a2b1c7 00:01:05.330 --> 00:01:12.284 My talk today is called "More NOTE Confidence: 0.770385921001434 025dfffb-299f-4a0c-98a1-e884a21eef0d 00:01:12.284 --> 00:01:19.238 than a Moment's Monument: Sonnets in NOTE Confidence: 0.770385921001434 ef1b1146-6681-4dd6-9c1b-4bed357fbf0b 00:01:19.238 --> 00:01:21.556 Native Guard." NOTE Confidence: 0.877380967140198 4f08fb52-349c-4270-8563-92e1ab8f3fbd 00:01:23.340 --> 00:01:28.212 The first part of my title comes from a sonnet by 19th NOTE Confidence: 0.877380967140198 d06567d2-fa32-492f-bd10-c544674b820d 00:01:28.212 --> 00:01:31.460 century English poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti, which begins NOTE Confidence: 0.877380967140198 fc3166ab-62d8-4d6b-bfd7-6908817943d1 00:01:31.460 --> 00:01:33.084 with this paradoxical line: NOTE Confidence: 0.786005914211273 6f46457d-f936-40ff-810b-b116ea735b3a 00:01:35.260 --> 00:01:38.518 "A sonnet is a moment's monument." NOTE Confidence: 0.843731820583344 83bda677-0084-4a5b-8f5c-90f32bafe743 00:01:40.240 --> 00:01:44.712 When I read Native Guard, a book that is full of both monuments NOTE Confidence: 0.843731820583344 1591d04b-da54-4198-8849-3ba0b300de6d 00:01:44.712 --> 00:01:48.152 and sonnets, I can't help but think of this line. NOTE Confidence: 0.802399158477783 35dfa115-2acd-4296-81b1-66acb717c06b 00:01:49.930 --> 00:01:53.258 Natasha Trethewey's sonnets in this book are about NOTE Confidence: 0.802399158477783 de8e0d0b-a6f7-438a-860e-3d7f0799876a 00:01:53.258 --> 00:01:57.002 monuments, like gravestones and statues, as are many of NOTE Confidence: 0.802399158477783 734b5eaf-0516-49ad-8a40-f4a0ac88ac34 00:01:57.002 --> 00:01:59.498 her other poems in this book. NOTE Confidence: 0.839931309223175 3945d8c0-f67d-4f3f-81a7-16bbafe70c0e 00:02:00.520 --> 00:02:04.256 They also critique monuments, as we will see. NOTE Confidence: 0.755705595016479 762afbe9-0603-49cb-867c-faa7c3f8913d 00:02:05.170 --> 00:02:07.330 But Rossetti is saying more: NOTE Confidence: 0.904803931713104 614766f3-115e-470c-bbd8-394de61ba578 00:02:07.950 --> 00:02:10.668 that a sonnet is a monument. NOTE Confidence: 0.873821020126343 529ff027-435f-4e38-a8bc-cef6358e195b 00:02:11.220 --> 00:02:16.238 Or in other words, that a poetic form like the sonnet is NOTE Confidence: 0.873821020126343 db6a6eb7-8f7f-4128-90aa-43aae2e7576f 00:02:16.238 --> 00:02:20.098 built for remembrance, even though it's so short it can't NOTE Confidence: 0.873821020126343 e5c2a88d-d975-456d-9b24-18df2e1dd97d 00:02:20.098 --> 00:02:23.572 record more than a fleeting moment of any experience. NOTE Confidence: 0.830605328083038 413a13ba-65df-4917-b771-cf7291d4357d 00:02:25.260 --> 00:02:30.452 Yes, Native Guard won the Pulitzer Prize in 2007; and yes, NOTE Confidence: 0.830605328083038 d81721af-8dc0-4f2b-8aa7-c54f3f9e1753 00:02:30.452 --> 00:02:35.644 Trethewey was our United States Poet Laureate from 2012 to 2014, NOTE Confidence: 0.830605328083038 85695196-a31a-47fe-9307-53a6829ba20c 00:02:35.644 --> 00:02:39.892 not to mention Trethewey was a 2020 Lawrence University NOTE Confidence: 0.817306935787201 9229b7c0-41be-475e-9850-c571f1fdb690 00:02:39.892 --> 00:02:43.919 commencement speaker. But I don't think those kind of NOTE Confidence: 0.817306935787201 098f01d1-7315-4581-a536-17523f98c99f 00:02:43.919 --> 00:02:46.295 honors, although well deserved, are what Rossetti is NOTE Confidence: 0.817306935787201 e3b149dc-1483-41e9-b249-862f13a52ff0 00:02:46.295 --> 00:02:46.889 talking about. NOTE Confidence: 0.771386325359344 6ec5e149-29dd-4a61-88f0-b2771fcf5f67 00:02:48.790 --> 00:02:51.318 How are Trethewey's sonnets NOTE Confidence: 0.842683672904968 aab53536-8f4e-45d4-bc3e-77aee734dccb 00:02:51.318 --> 00:02:53.850 monuments? And what are they NOTE Confidence: 0.855549037456512 511fe0a4-dcce-46f0-80aa-91b89bdbd51a 00:02:53.850 --> 00:02:57.228 monuments to? These are some questions we'll think NOTE Confidence: 0.855549037456512 5f449550-2ca4-446f-9ccf-4e346a3fe649 00:02:57.228 --> 00:02:57.914 through today. NOTE Confidence: 0.887304484844208 af77273c-6138-4dc7-aee3-54bbe8944b1e 00:03:00.100 --> 00:03:04.080 Before we proceed, I should tell you that my thinking NOTE Confidence: 0.887304484844208 e369b6e7-fde2-4387-bcd6-9099c6313f45 00:03:04.080 --> 00:03:07.264 today operates on two premises about poetry, and NOTE Confidence: 0.887304484844208 74eea35c-ffe0-4558-b5f2-556231b084de 00:03:07.264 --> 00:03:10.448 these premises undergird everything I'll say today. NOTE Confidence: 0.791217386722565 12587863-fdfb-48ca-a3a0-336b2670c225 00:03:12.360 --> 00:03:18.847 Premise number 1:  A poem's form is part of how it makes meaning. NOTE Confidence: 0.801593661308289 b3e08864-681b-4406-bad7-7c473e7d7c93 00:03:19.490 --> 00:03:22.330 A poem's meaning comes from more than just what the words NOTE Confidence: 0.801593661308289 956832c6-ef37-4f56-b0ce-e67f439800fb 00:03:22.330 --> 00:03:24.034 are saying on a literal level. NOTE Confidence: 0.825345575809479 b1d269d0-4848-400b-847d-f680dbd91431 00:03:25.920 --> 00:03:28.000 All poems have form-- NOTE Confidence: 0.83176201581955 55579230-dc7d-45bc-ac15-bb5be0badcc7 00:03:28.580 --> 00:03:34.054 and by "form," I simply mean all poems have a shape that a poet NOTE Confidence: 0.83176201581955 cfbc1436-d05f-4225-8a69-adcd1c718dc4 00:03:34.054 --> 00:03:38.746 creates when she has an idea, sits down, and begins to write. NOTE Confidence: 0.890090465545654 6dfc9751-d35f-445f-b614-e0ea0778f8e0 00:03:39.980 --> 00:03:43.480 The form of a poem isn't arbitrary; it's organic. NOTE Confidence: 0.901860058307648 5add03d4-2506-44b3-9686-21c3b5c004cc 00:03:44.370 --> 00:03:48.478 The length of the lines and the line breaks; the way the words NOTE Confidence: 0.901860058307648 fefee408-6de4-40dd-a01f-38562c74838d 00:03:48.478 --> 00:03:50.058 are spread across the page; NOTE Confidence: 0.8281529545784 1871422e-cc5f-4fed-8aa3-a8cd708f1707 00:03:50.590 --> 00:03:54.698 whether the words at the ends of lines rhyme or not; whether the NOTE Confidence: 0.8281529545784 c59a779f-3685-4d61-ac6d-1a5d4a7621c2 00:03:54.698 --> 00:03:56.594 form of the poem has repeating NOTE Confidence: 0.879618108272552 1216d550-7803-4671-9fae-3dfa73cbed19 00:03:56.594 --> 00:04:01.480 lines--all of these stylistic choices. and many more. are the NOTE Confidence: 0.879618108272552 ac63d5ea-0862-4715-9175-a2c1ad04827c 00:04:01.480 --> 00:04:03.335 very bones of the poem. NOTE Confidence: 0.847375869750977 f731cf0a-4999-40af-bf68-b183094d4f8a 00:04:04.600 --> 00:04:08.648 They come into being through the poet's imagination as she writes NOTE Confidence: 0.847375869750977 4ac5016c-72d2-4c3d-9024-c53e2a9cdd55 00:04:08.648 --> 00:04:10.120 and revises her poems. NOTE Confidence: 0.915279090404511 3ed5bbd6-7d2a-4213-a0d8-77da70fec2b6 00:04:11.850 --> 00:04:13.200 Put another way: NOTE Confidence: 0.836528658866882 4f4b6985-3d02-47dd-8cb4-747c7db8630c 00:04:13.860 --> 00:04:19.853 a poetic form is not a container that a poet pours the poem's NOTE Confidence: 0.836528658866882 be1f57af-1179-4db3-b601-edee967a211b 00:04:19.853 --> 00:04:24.924 meaning or message into.  Rather, meaning is created by the form NOTE Confidence: 0.836528658866882 c58e9c43-6d13-466d-b03b-5b9b6c8c0bf7 00:04:24.924 --> 00:04:26.307 the poet chooses. NOTE Confidence: 0.850382506847382 ed62aed8-3284-4584-8683-0b3b7cc5c76b 00:04:28.860 --> 00:04:32.570 Some poetic forms are not completely made up, but are NOTE Confidence: 0.807769656181335 386e58a6-aaa0-42af-807c-cc886e719398 00:04:32.570 --> 00:04:36.608 received. The sonnet is one of those received forms. NOTE Confidence: 0.921920359134674 f7a3fcad-1731-48a0-a0f5-6057af95f6e0 00:04:37.610 --> 00:04:41.170 All that means is that the form existed before now. NOTE Confidence: 0.848247885704041 4083a4bb-d3c5-45f1-9f89-2906847411a9 00:04:41.900 --> 00:04:46.604 It means that a poet from the past experimented and invented a NOTE Confidence: 0.848247885704041 9ed671c5-076a-4a2f-81f1-271d01759cdd 00:04:46.604 --> 00:04:52.092 new kind of poem, and that new kind of poem got taken up by NOTE Confidence: 0.848247885704041 389a96df-b8c8-455b-bb48-2f2c1f207537 00:04:52.092 --> 00:04:56.404 other poets, then passed down, to be received by poets writing NOTE Confidence: 0.848247885704041 47b036a5-80ea-43d5-8744-33ab77b848db 00:04:56.404 --> 00:05:00.716 today. (Blues music, folk music, hip hop--these forms have been NOTE Confidence: 0.848247885704041 b9d51510-faac-4b5e-b0a2-485e0652ee10 00:05:00.716 --> 00:05:01.892 similarly passed down.) NOTE Confidence: 0.790247142314911 00777de7-0ea1-4435-a970-8215528bd55e 00:05:04.330 --> 00:05:08.600 Poets writing sonnets today learn the rules of sonnets and NOTE Confidence: 0.790247142314911 eef4434d-7851-4b92-ab83-af59f21805fc 00:05:08.600 --> 00:05:12.870 how they work by reading sonnets that earlier poets wrote. NOTE Confidence: 0.868415415287018 b6669b60-97b3-4f4c-9cc9-6d80fdfbfdaf 00:05:13.380 --> 00:05:15.844 It's kind of like handing down a quilt NOTE Confidence: 0.927145600318909 be10c10b-686c-4b31-8256-933a311e663e 00:05:17.300 --> 00:05:19.616 from one family member to another. NOTE Confidence: 0.817925870418549 ad75b70f-21b8-4f07-9685-9329254a07b0 00:05:22.210 --> 00:05:26.708 Received forms like sonnets come to us out of the past, bearing a NOTE Confidence: 0.817925870418549 46dc3593-318c-4840-86e5-711568438afd 00:05:26.708 --> 00:05:29.130 set of rules and a long history. NOTE Confidence: 0.887190222740173 8a19c30c-79c2-40e6-acdd-cb9ee1384d05 00:05:30.940 --> 00:05:34.933 That doesn't mean, however, that poets always follow all of the NOTE Confidence: 0.887190222740173 e9c6e62f-b1a9-4e9e-925e-2944c75f07f3 00:05:34.933 --> 00:05:36.385 rules that they've inherited. NOTE Confidence: 0.830711245536804 05df991e-fa29-4ff0-8a41-54fa32b1d6bd 00:05:38.580 --> 00:05:43.673 Which leads me to premise number 2:  Experiments with poetic form are NOTE Confidence: 0.830711245536804 95963f44-e1f1-4d6b-a506-d261a79ea1de 00:05:43.673 --> 00:05:45.525 also experiments with meaning. NOTE Confidence: 0.829613506793976 31eb9fbc-45d4-4b79-904c-8c5aa691bbe6 00:05:47.110 --> 00:05:51.290 For poets, there is meaning in following the rules, and there NOTE Confidence: 0.829613506793976 c32ea962-8b5e-481f-9a1b-b32a15d57bfd 00:05:51.290 --> 00:05:53.190 is meaning in breaking them. NOTE Confidence: 0.843322694301605 404f0774-9933-4eda-bc57-a40bdd3d037d 00:05:54.020 --> 00:05:57.727 With a received form, like the sonnet, its rules are designed NOTE Confidence: 0.843322694301605 58922fcc-cd7b-4076-a4ab-ede347807097 00:05:57.727 --> 00:06:01.097 to create certain kinds of meaning, which we'll talk about NOTE Confidence: 0.843322694301605 583786a7-a5a5-4855-8735-9b45217d6cf1 00:06:01.097 --> 00:06:02.445 in a little while. NOTE Confidence: 0.82152384519577 bae5a72e-e3e0-4241-abc7-b3076279796c 00:06:03.200 --> 00:06:07.900 When poets bend or break those rules, they create new NOTE Confidence: 0.82152384519577 c03ab53b-6cc8-4e42-97a6-c7029e0992d6 00:06:07.900 --> 00:06:11.660 opportunities for meaning within these bendings and breakings. NOTE Confidence: 0.911409378051758 3ba5f222-c194-443f-9425-f0c9e446b068 00:06:13.110 --> 00:06:14.259 Put another way: NOTE Confidence: 0.78249728679657 3c6dbd46-4916-4c08-9532-cc9a04a0a5da 00:06:14.930 --> 00:06:19.605 Rossetti calls the sonnet a monument, but any poet will tell NOTE Confidence: 0.78249728679657 14598a8d-5944-443f-b934-ada4e0b4c17a 00:06:19.605 --> 00:06:22.580 you that no form is set in NOTE Confidence: 0.798190593719482 1ea386c9-60e5-40ee-8299-45f34cd0e0fb 00:06:22.580 --> 00:06:26.530 stone. These two premises are important in thinking about NOTE Confidence: 0.798190593719482 247ee705-18d2-4d1c-a9b2-4c19f6e7e670 00:06:26.530 --> 00:06:30.490 Trethewey's work with the sonnet in Native Guard, so NOTE Confidence: 0.798190593719482 b79dadcf-e178-48df-bd12-998be3a2f33b 00:06:30.490 --> 00:06:35.330 keep them in the backs of your minds as we proceed. NOTE Confidence: 0.744235754013062 eb4ac556-f2c9-4242-bd96-bdc85bf896d2 00:06:37.910 --> 00:06:42.000 The sonnet is the received poetic form Trethewey uses most NOTE Confidence: 0.744235754013062 780128f3-8a9f-4394-baa4-059e3d8fddf9 00:06:42.000 --> 00:06:43.227 in Native Guard. NOTE Confidence: 0.861529350280762 12d6f72b-45d6-464c-90cb-080a14cb6307 00:06:44.270 --> 00:06:49.223 There are fourteen sonnets in this book compared to only one of any NOTE Confidence: 0.861529350280762 d773b911-3e2d-40dd-9d18-fb717a419e4c 00:06:49.223 --> 00:06:50.747 other received poetic form. NOTE Confidence: 0.819936811923981 18aad1aa-e954-4be7-8709-84b1ff462e28 00:06:51.490 --> 00:06:54.820 The sonnet is also the received form that Trethewey stretches NOTE Confidence: 0.818495452404022 ef7f5b35-f33e-4fe1-aad7-7caeff44407b 00:06:54.820 --> 00:06:58.962 the most. The sonnet has a handful of rules and Trethewey NOTE Confidence: 0.818495452404022 13ad4f1e-4fdf-46de-ad9f-700b67611f54 00:06:58.962 --> 00:07:00.810 breaks just about all of them. NOTE Confidence: 0.840389907360077 930a909c-1255-45c2-b67f-ffaee03854e7 00:07:03.210 --> 00:07:08.310 In her bending and stretching of the sonnet form in Native Guard, NOTE Confidence: 0.840389907360077 27891429-bf49-4ee1-a39e-68adef9a7d45 00:07:08.310 --> 00:07:12.135 Trethewey shows us how a combination of poetic tradition NOTE Confidence: 0.840389907360077 64acdb37-dc2d-4521-b720-3f4d771cd3b9 00:07:12.135 --> 00:07:17.235 and experimentation, of rules and breaking them, may be put to use NOTE Confidence: 0.840389907360077 660bf0c9-a7c3-4834-8089-55666e826254 00:07:17.235 --> 00:07:19.360 to redress nothing less than NOTE Confidence: 0.879230558872223 05060ad6-9e2a-45f1-8b6e-e9a217ca082d 00:07:19.360 --> 00:07:24.396 historical erasure: whose lives we decide to remember, and whose NOTE Confidence: 0.879230558872223 d3b03a00-5ced-4627-a0b0-8dd3df110adc 00:07:24.396 --> 00:07:26.581 lives we choose to forget. NOTE Confidence: 0.867621839046478 6ce88ad2-feba-493f-bdc3-4cd144f2422a 00:07:28.300 --> 00:07:32.788 In short, she shows us how poetry has a stake in more NOTE Confidence: 0.867621839046478 997ac29f-2fe2-4c0c-b762-a892eed3019d 00:07:32.788 --> 00:07:36.154 than a moment--it has a stake in history. NOTE Confidence: 0.81863796710968 55efa1eb-a402-4bf4-bade-124ec5ed5309 00:07:38.320 --> 00:07:41.560 To understand the significance of what Trethewey's doing, we NOTE Confidence: 0.81863796710968 a29b6438-55ab-43e3-8c54-dab50f4f8cac 00:07:41.560 --> 00:07:45.520 need to understand how monuments work and we also need to NOTE Confidence: 0.81863796710968 09a77724-120d-4ca2-8a02-cf1987cb8d3d 00:07:45.520 --> 00:07:46.960 understand how sonnets work. NOTE Confidence: 0.855460941791534 d6fc78f5-375d-46fc-867a-235456d81153 00:07:47.570 --> 00:07:50.888 Therefore, my lecture will proceed like this. NOTE Confidence: 0.874446094036102 7088c60c-ec4e-4cd5-8c01-30c327bb5737 00:07:52.680 --> 00:07:56.670 First, we'll think very briefly about two things monuments do NOTE Confidence: 0.874446094036102 13c03a1b-6c3c-4d14-ad49-a2b46947438b 00:07:56.670 --> 00:08:00.261 within physical and cultural landscapes, as well as within NOTE Confidence: 0.874446094036102 ff3f67b3-38de-49fa-8490-d53b15ae4198 00:08:00.261 --> 00:08:01.857 the landscapes of memory. NOTE Confidence: 0.823751509189606 86108a77-2193-44d5-8427-bfef18abc030 00:08:03.030 --> 00:08:06.990 Next, we'll take a look at the internal logic of the English NOTE Confidence: 0.823751509189606 010ff388-fe99-4e53-8116-4484c58890f2 00:08:06.990 --> 00:08:09.960 sonnet, which is the type of sonnet Trethewey experiments NOTE Confidence: 0.823751509189606 9ea87818-4a3c-483f-9e03-3bb867117993 00:08:09.960 --> 00:08:10.950 with in Native Guard. NOTE Confidence: 0.830982327461243 9742c5bc-522c-45fe-947f-37cb9d2475b6 00:08:12.200 --> 00:08:16.904 After that, we'll look at a few sonnets from Native Guard. We'll NOTE Confidence: 0.830982327461243 1e1502fd-7d33-472d-b705-5ce8796e8e79 00:08:16.904 --> 00:08:21.216 consider how Trethewey bends the form in particular ways in order NOTE Confidence: 0.830982327461243 1429dfb8-04df-478d-8c7c-b90b154a1654 00:08:21.216 --> 00:08:25.528 to mount critiques of monuments, and ultimately to build a case NOTE Confidence: 0.830982327461243 81f96cab-52ef-4f2b-bde0-94fe9bb0d64d 00:08:25.528 --> 00:08:26.704 against historical erasure. NOTE Confidence: 0.850601732730865 3ddc605b-f0eb-4937-bfa8-c16300dd9a3b 00:08:29.250 --> 00:08:32.363 So now I'd like to present to you two characteristics of NOTE Confidence: 0.850601732730865 cc4d13fe-3cda-40ac-b9af-534982cfbed9 00:08:32.363 --> 00:08:34.910 monuments that are relevant to our discussion of Trethewey. NOTE Confidence: 0.815364420413971 48d36974-4ed7-4ee1-850c-42da525931c5 00:08:37.300 --> 00:08:40.527 Monuments are everywhere, and monuments conceal as NOTE Confidence: 0.815364420413971 0a6abfda-cdd1-4a21-bfbd-6f8202287c17 00:08:40.527 --> 00:08:42.371 much as they reveal. NOTE Confidence: 0.910140216350555 8cdd5b1f-18aa-49a0-9f07-18518ececad4 00:08:44.970 --> 00:08:52.254 The word "monument" comes from a Latin word that means "to remind." NOTE Confidence: 0.878785610198975 a74ba5e6-7ba9-4fb3-9587-dd88e54c2ec7 00:08:53.130 --> 00:08:57.846 If we think of monuments not only as big marble statues or NOTE Confidence: 0.878785610198975 844a5abd-f932-4d8d-b435-77847bc6c7dd 00:08:57.846 --> 00:09:01.776 historical markers, we can see that actually many things can NOTE Confidence: 0.878785610198975 8c3f12a0-7cff-4290-80f0-b444fc757154 00:09:01.776 --> 00:09:02.955 function as monuments. NOTE Confidence: 0.879033207893372 a536c153-5dd6-4318-8b85-0820b8acc050 00:09:03.720 --> 00:09:07.300 A monument is simply an object that is a reminder, NOTE Confidence: 0.8531534075737 237cb371-46b9-4f4a-bef2-f6ae6dac35ef 00:09:07.940 --> 00:09:11.846 that is asking us to recollect something that its NOTE Confidence: 0.8531534075737 0e872f0c-bf83-455a-9ef1-63124c5524dc 00:09:11.846 --> 00:09:13.148 makers deemed important. NOTE Confidence: 0.801096618175507 c1c615e9-08dc-4de2-a08b-6578774eab7a 00:09:14.740 --> 00:09:17.836 A monument can be personal, can be private. NOTE Confidence: 0.751307547092438 35699492-ae80-407c-bb0d-9447c8145632 00:09:20.590 --> 00:09:23.376 So this is my Nana Range's old NOTE Confidence: 0.837209343910217 2c770b4f-b889-4eae-b16f-e81a2356279e 00:09:23.376 --> 00:09:28.341 bonnet, pictured here, it's a monument to me as much as her NOTE Confidence: 0.837209343910217 dfb7ae46-3016-4271-928d-0907a7185a41 00:09:28.341 --> 00:09:31.851 gravestone is. And yes, she really did wear that bonnet. NOTE Confidence: 0.837209343910217 b85b7097-d25a-475f-bb9d-89a05c79c198 00:09:31.851 --> 00:09:36.414 You know, Nana Range was born in 1907 and as you can see she was NOTE Confidence: 0.834456324577332 a365f823-a968-44e2-aad4-2bfb07785e19 00:09:36.414 --> 00:09:40.402 extremely stylish. But when I look at this bonnet, I remember NOTE Confidence: 0.834456324577332 925c57a1-66c5-4c32-94df-eee26590f20e 00:09:40.402 --> 00:09:43.886 her. She died in 1998, but this is a monument for me. Do NOTE Confidence: 0.834456324577332 271fd237-a0a5-4d7b-9220-19f0abf20211 00:09:43.886 --> 00:09:47.102 I expect anyone else to look at this old bonnet and think NOTE Confidence: 0.834456324577332 42d849b7-f0b2-4c50-a6f2-41e4808cd5b9 00:09:47.102 --> 00:09:50.050 of it as a monument? No, I definitely don't.  It only  NOTE Confidence: 0.834456324577332 6b6a54dc-e3c8-4c51-80af-ff8cfbabf6b4 00:09:50.050 --> 00:09:51.658 functions as a monument for me. NOTE Confidence: 0.873085379600525 bf7332c0-ffbf-4fb1-bd94-d9d229c90539 00:09:52.840 --> 00:09:55.726 Now other monuments are more easily recognizable. NOTE Confidence: 0.846414923667908 5b7e0751-a62e-4070-a566-6c2d8a6023ba 00:09:56.900 --> 00:09:58.600 To take a pretty egregious NOTE Confidence: 0.879557251930237 6469eed7-7b2a-43f1-bcb9-c658f120a4f2 00:09:58.600 --> 00:10:02.621 example:  you notice the Confederate flag if you see it, NOTE Confidence: 0.879557251930237 33ab47de-8038-445b-b85f-ff8f4abbf693 00:10:02.621 --> 00:10:07.367 I bet. It shows up in all kinds of places--in yards, on license NOTE Confidence: 0.879557251930237 04fe02bc-ac52-49d4-ab12-a7aa7451cf03 00:10:07.367 --> 00:10:11.096 plates, on bumper stickers, on t-shirts--all over the country, NOTE Confidence: 0.879557251930237 7807ca66-4857-4709-b80e-c3356c1ea701 00:10:11.096 --> 00:10:15.164 even right here in Wisconsin. As I noticed on a recent NOTE Confidence: 0.879557251930237 40aa18b5-e7d4-48c9-bd5a-3fb238060d75 00:10:15.164 --> 00:10:17.537 walk around the neighborhood where I live, NOTE Confidence: 0.888039469718933 b3e0e1d2-4669-4f3d-90f2-4fd8ae381952 00:10:18.080 --> 00:10:21.650 there's a house flying a huge Confederate flag about four NOTE Confidence: 0.888039469718933 c38fc628-5787-43db-8238-ea502d9f9dc3 00:10:21.650 --> 00:10:23.078 blocks from my street. NOTE Confidence: 0.93367213010788 7a825561-e147-4294-88ca-6db10390f28e 00:10:24.180 --> 00:10:26.148 Yeah, that's happening. NOTE Confidence: 0.875244796276093 cc659b40-2146-459c-9e83-c907cfd64265 00:10:28.220 --> 00:10:31.410 Maybe it's tempting to think that monuments are part of this NOTE Confidence: 0.875244796276093 630bb244-9a19-41d7-9d2b-52f6e036e411 00:10:31.410 --> 00:10:34.310 kind of dry and dusty old history that doesn't really NOTE Confidence: 0.875244796276093 b3f9b2c3-7d96-40a8-84fc-3681e65d60f1 00:10:34.310 --> 00:10:35.470 matter to us today. NOTE Confidence: 0.873573064804077 80c9f8dd-f6b9-482c-b533-e19b05ca9542 00:10:36.470 --> 00:10:39.602 But if you doubt that Confederate monuments and flags NOTE Confidence: 0.873573064804077 3cd15040-5414-4e44-b5b1-a73f4fc6aad6 00:10:39.602 --> 00:10:43.778 and symbols still have the power to hurt people in 2020, then NOTE Confidence: 0.873573064804077 8ee68b5d-8ae7-4f3c-ab1b-eb0105d9f8b0 00:10:43.778 --> 00:10:47.606 please don't take my word for it. Here is Trethewey speaking NOTE Confidence: 0.873573064804077 678d8631-5ce3-40f4-9e35-bbebfd449121 00:10:47.606 --> 00:10:52.130 from a piece she wrote in the New York Times from this past NOTE Confidence: 0.873573064804077 72b9d82b-1a8a-4609-95ad-fa688cc6da3d 00:10:52.130 --> 00:10:55.610 July, commenting upon the old Mississippi state flag, which she NOTE Confidence: 0.873573064804077 bc0209b5-3373-4227-bd16-5e4e3d2e7f82 00:10:55.610 --> 00:10:59.438 was born and raised under, and which just two months ago NOTE Confidence: 0.873573064804077 43e166db-3a17-46a5-8acf-e71a12b776e9 00:10:59.438 --> 00:11:00.482 finally came down: NOTE Confidence: 0.882183849811554 d3677deb-b922-4f8f-a342-347f872d45fa 00:11:01.640 --> 00:11:05.246 "The landscape of my childhood was NOTE Confidence: 0.882183849811554 ac95af31-c6bc-4f6b-9829-076e2649ca37 00:11:05.246 --> 00:11:08.852 overwritten with monuments to and symbols NOTE Confidence: 0.882183849811554 fbc5186d-46f9-4cc7-a3b8-42dc81fa36db 00:11:08.852 --> 00:11:10.655 of the Confederacy. NOTE Confidence: 0.874527037143707 59401ceb-6bf9-4e84-b467-0c93ae5f6659 00:11:11.730 --> 00:11:16.210 They were in the names of roads, bridges, buildings, schools, NOTE Confidence: 0.874527037143707 998ff5ae-c974-476d-b60b-200b966aabc8 00:11:16.210 --> 00:11:18.450 parks, other public works, and NOTE Confidence: 0.874544620513916 57a5739d-f4f5-4be6-80ea-098dc1ba0ab7 00:11:18.450 --> 00:11:22.782 counties. And the state flag of Mississippi, incorporating the NOTE Confidence: 0.874544620513916 4002cc25-40eb-4750-8815-4d3aba3f04c8 00:11:22.782 --> 00:11:27.006 Confederate battle flag in its top inner corner, was NOTE Confidence: 0.874544620513916 1a3334a9-e36c-4a73-81fe-9837b66449a3 00:11:27.006 --> 00:11:29.310 among the most NOTE Confidence: 0.869192600250244 8daf07d7-8ebb-4fc5-a975-f45fb542cc2d 00:11:29.310 --> 00:11:33.378 conspicuous. The inclusion of the [Confederate] battle flag NOTE Confidence: 0.869192600250244 af1a26d3-e389-44ea-9418-e61ad9582f01 00:11:33.378 --> 00:11:37.602 within the state flag served as a visual reminder of white NOTE Confidence: 0.869192600250244 9b3d222c-5d9f-456a-b2fe-26da49cb2e1b 00:11:37.602 --> 00:11:40.674 Mississippians' allegiance to a white supremacist heritage and NOTE Confidence: 0.869192600250244 24101831-d0bd-4c79-be8d-82d283114a8b 00:11:40.674 --> 00:11:45.282 was indicative of the ways the state would find to maintain the NOTE Confidence: 0.869192600250244 ff6dc3fa-b2b0-4250-996b-77e58e50f329 00:11:45.282 --> 00:11:49.506 second-class status of Black Americans. It waved to us again NOTE Confidence: 0.869192600250244 12b0a836-508d-40bf-963c-297a13d40280 00:11:49.506 --> 00:11:51.426 and again:  Know your place." NOTE Confidence: 0.857146084308624 a7c48546-912a-4a68-b419-e1cae625d4d2 00:11:55.590 --> 00:11:59.181 Now, this is the largest Confederate monument in the NOTE Confidence: 0.857146084308624 5c23595b-0a61-4718-ace1-748f8d6344f0 00:11:59.181 --> 00:12:03.171 country. It's in Atlanta, where Tretheway lived growing up, and NOTE Confidence: 0.857146084308624 2f996a23-6f8c-4109-832d-3a19c5b90495 00:12:03.171 --> 00:12:07.161 this monument is called Stone Mountain. You can see here NOTE Confidence: 0.857146084308624 e70abfdd-8e74-446f-8ccf-d550391bf449 00:12:07.161 --> 00:12:10.752 Confederate generals Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson are NOTE Confidence: 0.857146084308624 094bcf42-d3f7-473d-8cb9-364601dff6fe 00:12:10.752 --> 00:12:13.944 here, along with Confederate President Jefferson Davis, and NOTE Confidence: 0.857146084308624 979ecde3-abbd-461c-98dd-299096e6b93d 00:12:13.944 --> 00:12:18.333 they are quite literally carved into the side of a mountain. NOTE Confidence: 0.845170319080353 fe5af9f1-2d19-46d2-88df-096fc0141f65 00:12:19.520 --> 00:12:23.360 Stone Mountain is also a park where you can go hike, eat NOTE Confidence: 0.845170319080353 c828fc96-31b4-4b24-9307-15177972f832 00:12:23.360 --> 00:12:26.560 cotton candy and funnel cake, and watch laser light shows. NOTE Confidence: 0.897055268287659 3f5037b0-51c0-495e-8717-a89a756cb25a 00:12:27.290 --> 00:12:31.182 I lived in Atlanta for over a decade back in the late '90s and NOTE Confidence: 0.897055268287659 13454f8e-255f-4c02-bcf2-d15916169298 00:12:31.182 --> 00:12:34.240 early 2000s, and I remember a friend taking me to Stone NOTE Confidence: 0.897055268287659 9b3eed40-14b2-4073-a43e-f64bfb7d93a4 00:12:34.240 --> 00:12:37.576 Mountain to play miniature golf one time, not long after I moved NOTE Confidence: 0.897055268287659 5fe78710-18d3-4283-b034-8fbb65899b0a 00:12:37.576 --> 00:12:40.912 to Atlanta, and I can tell you it was an unsettling experience. NOTE Confidence: 0.897055268287659 dabcefa6-9f31-4f2b-a1dd-bbbbc930dd34 00:12:40.912 --> 00:12:44.248 As you might imagine, it's hard to concentrate on your golf game NOTE Confidence: 0.897055268287659 6fe3cd17-8756-4745-8d9d-72c54411b671 00:12:44.248 --> 00:12:47.306 or to relax and enjoy your funnel cake with these dudes NOTE Confidence: 0.897055268287659 1e471d2a-b880-4e31-b494-9f3f43df0cad 00:12:47.306 --> 00:12:48.418 staring down at you. NOTE Confidence: 0.861372768878937 7d3cd649-88c0-4c64-a91e-c5a4c796597d 00:12:50.300 --> 00:12:54.920 In her new memoir, Memorial Drive, Trethewey connects the landscape NOTE Confidence: 0.861372768878937 76236305-22df-42ea-b548-e723a590a459 00:12:54.920 --> 00:12:59.078 of her mother's murder to the landscape of Confederate NOTE Confidence: 0.82618373632431 4b0eec0f-9b6b-4eda-a94c-b7cf2cefba7c 00:12:59.078 --> 00:13:03.814 monuments. Trethewey writes, "my mother was murdered in the NOTE Confidence: 0.82618373632431 006a1cb4-a090-409f-941c-7cb0608a069c 00:13:03.814 --> 00:13:08.577 shadow of Stone Mountain, the symbol of the Confederacy, and a NOTE Confidence: 0.82618373632431 506f3201-5678-4c4b-8006-1777684b4b35 00:13:08.577 --> 00:13:12.907 monument to white supremacy that joins in my psyche the NOTE Confidence: 0.82618373632431 c14b613a-82a0-45b6-9824-d9b96c93a120 00:13:12.907 --> 00:13:16.804 geography and history--both public and private, national and NOTE Confidence: 0.82618373632431 f0ffe7dd-5f35-489b-a650-46c04bde4c02 00:13:16.804 --> 00:13:18.969 personal--of my deepest wounds." NOTE Confidence: 0.891871750354767 a20b6af4-eafe-4eef-b4a7-d058c5464220 00:13:20.870 --> 00:13:27.190 Deepest wounds. Monuments matter now, not just in the past. NOTE Confidence: 0.871456503868103 5a7d8e6e-8c02-41f6-a9cf-07cd6d9ffac0 00:13:29.690 --> 00:13:34.514 And it's also true that not every monument is so obvious as NOTE Confidence: 0.871456503868103 ea4c31a0-ed8c-4b4b-ae0b-68f1e7109b42 00:13:34.514 --> 00:13:38.132 a Confederate flag or this gigantic carving on Stone NOTE Confidence: 0.871456503868103 75ca69cd-db66-4aec-9480-a0bbed896c18 00:13:38.132 --> 00:13:42.152 Mountain.  Public monuments are not just flags, slabs of stone, NOTE Confidence: 0.871456503868103 742895bb-85ab-47b8-895f-f96d656ac0af 00:13:42.152 --> 00:13:44.162 or statues of dudes on NOTE Confidence: 0.914083302021027 627eda99-2077-4aae-b5a5-beed78211be3 00:13:44.162 --> 00:13:47.580 horseback. Many of them are embedded so deeply in the NOTE Confidence: 0.914083302021027 f1204336-2217-41fa-8d61-f102ca62f05c 00:13:47.580 --> 00:13:49.200 landscape that we might not even NOTE Confidence: 0.886222302913666 eead0364-a3e9-41bb-bac2-60cebfdf7b52 00:13:49.200 --> 00:13:52.816 notice them. But that doesn't mean they aren't monuments. NOTE Confidence: 0.891916871070862 02d7eab4-4cdf-4357-b738-004148d1cadb 00:13:55.250 --> 00:14:00.818 For example--these sandhill cranes probably don't know or NOTE Confidence: 0.891916871070862 c1d68bf3-98af-4406-bf3d-9b260e239e30 00:14:00.818 --> 00:14:05.084 care that they're flying through the middle of a NOTE Confidence: 0.891916871070862 5d368601-ffda-4cbf-99a3-444af7b0b56d 00:14:05.084 --> 00:14:08.402 wildlife refuge in Alabama named after Confederate NOTE Confidence: 0.891916871070862 2d684ce8-a086-4586-a9c3-bc88e4ecb84d 00:14:08.402 --> 00:14:09.824 General Joseph Wheeler. NOTE Confidence: 0.86064338684082 a99268a5-3b51-4423-8438-3e12fb826cea 00:14:10.950 --> 00:14:13.580 I think they probably have better things to think about-- NOTE Confidence: 0.86064338684082 e1453db5-891a-4d16-b0d9-957901268ed2 00:14:13.580 --> 00:14:16.736 bird things, like which bugs or fish they're going to try to NOTE Confidence: 0.921893894672394 fe1c87f9-7704-4890-8463-cad178486d08 00:14:16.736 --> 00:14:22.200 catch and eat. But I think about this. This is a wildlife refuge. NOTE Confidence: 0.870303392410278 812869ec-f1d8-4683-aaa5-9f67bfec749b 00:14:22.950 --> 00:14:27.306 General Joseph Wheeler: not exactly a name one might NOTE Confidence: 0.870303392410278 26b2c400-68f2-4e00-996b-511f1575a7b7 00:14:27.306 --> 00:14:32.630 associate with the word "refuge," which is supposed to mean a NOTE Confidence: 0.870303392410278 0508499a-5a24-4fa5-ad5e-1131ac627557 00:14:32.630 --> 00:14:34.566 shelter, sanctuary or "safe NOTE Confidence: 0.919566512107849 4816c2a8-2c68-4862-aed7-4da2b0423abb 00:14:34.566 --> 00:14:39.239 space." That's not exactly the Confederacy's strong suit. NOTE Confidence: 0.880298733711243 6dced376-ae4c-40bd-b871-eb8e71639e73 00:14:41.460 --> 00:14:47.158 When I lived in Atlanta, I rode the bus and train all the time NOTE Confidence: 0.880298733711243 a3b2bb0a-e1ec-48c0-9516-cc8fc6bca90d 00:14:47.158 --> 00:14:51.228 without at all realizing that some of our public transit NOTE Confidence: 0.880298733711243 9dad1562-2f5c-430c-a2b4-c9944f780368 00:14:51.228 --> 00:14:54.077 stations were named for Confederate generals, including NOTE Confidence: 0.880298733711243 1b7f957f-9471-4602-a935-0995d368ea28 00:14:54.077 --> 00:14:58.147 this station on the Blue and Green Line,  named after NOTE Confidence: 0.880298733711243 976a2194-30c5-48ed-a81e-dbb7c9340680 00:14:58.147 --> 00:14:59.368 Confederate General Turner NOTE Confidence: 0.704426527023315 7987f25d-7578-4e2a-82da-67b04527fbb6 00:14:59.368 --> 00:15:03.369 Ashby. Ashby Station is named after Ashby Street-- NOTE Confidence: 0.891750335693359 728a8365-8986-442a-be86-dc55aec43af8 00:15:03.930 --> 00:15:08.902 that street name was actually changed in 2007, so, thirteen years NOTE Confidence: 0.893032729625702 b6dc75a8-af5c-49d9-a20c-3f75de480709 00:15:08.902 --> 00:15:12.404 ago. And although there have been movements to change the NOTE Confidence: 0.893032729625702 af499182-7b94-412a-9f45-e6240251ff06 00:15:12.404 --> 00:15:14.532 station's name, too, it has not happened yet. NOTE Confidence: 0.88724559545517 2099e76c-4b4f-4278-9a72-a49f04ae11cf 00:15:16.530 --> 00:15:19.786 Thousands of people ride the train and bus everyday and go NOTE Confidence: 0.88724559545517 9894f0c8-a14a-475d-b0a5-d86f7926e9ac 00:15:19.786 --> 00:15:21.266 through this station and see NOTE Confidence: 0.833696126937866 8c6da10d-d63f-456e-8abc-68b98c88e697 00:15:21.266 --> 00:15:25.422 this man's name. So, I don't know y'all. I mean, I don't NOTE Confidence: 0.833696126937866 832eb2d1-103a-4428-8f76-7f04d91deea5 00:15:25.422 --> 00:15:27.924 want to entrust a Confederate general with my NOTE Confidence: 0.833696126937866 337c0c30-1d07-43bc-a7d2-8a5dee1fd1ae 00:15:27.924 --> 00:15:31.538 daily commute, you know? Just let me off at the next stop, 'cause I NOTE Confidence: 0.833696126937866 2f4949de-2b68-49b0-af96-1af41ba7e5c5 00:15:31.538 --> 00:15:33.206 don't want to ride with Ashby! NOTE Confidence: 0.934930205345154 aa4bbe97-1411-4f0b-9077-cdd85bc950fe 00:15:36.290 --> 00:15:38.180 Okay, so this is truly ridiculous. NOTE Confidence: 0.91725093126297 c3746de4-8bd9-4600-91ab-cbb4373db5a2 00:15:39.070 --> 00:15:42.502 Apparently, the most famous Confederate general, Robert E. NOTE Confidence: 0.91725093126297 3c2630be-6652-4373-ac76-826c302f13ba 00:15:42.502 --> 00:15:47.221 Lee, has an orange and lemon flavored layer cake named after NOTE Confidence: 0.864098787307739 8f5e06d2-c31c-4e45-a314-6f93af83ed49 00:15:47.221 --> 00:15:51.790 him. Yeah, apparently this is Robert E. Lee cake, for real. NOTE Confidence: 0.864098787307739 5c9f8710-3b48-4564-a216-b81be4f02166 00:15:51.790 --> 00:15:53.722 According to legend, it was his NOTE Confidence: 0.861563801765442 7898be46-1b4a-4590-9100-437d6d62460a 00:15:53.722 --> 00:15:57.750 favorite cake. But I have a news flash for all the cake NOTE Confidence: 0.861563801765442 c2be947d-9fe3-427b-9b05-bcd7add219e1 00:15:57.750 --> 00:16:00.620 bakers across the land, Robert E. Lee has been dead for NOTE Confidence: 0.861563801765442 28033191-4d4f-4742-829a-a238714f2ce1 00:16:00.620 --> 00:16:04.064 150 years and is no longer eating any kind of cake, let NOTE Confidence: 0.861563801765442 2c16b7eb-1197-4c2f-93be-35fe4c3353f8 00:16:04.064 --> 00:16:05.786 alone this one, on this earth. NOTE Confidence: 0.866157948970795 879de5d1-0429-4b3d-9c90-a582678e3f69 00:16:06.960 --> 00:16:10.752 We could lose this name.  One food NOTE Confidence: 0.866157948970795 027b8836-f0dd-4a14-be1b-d1f269e28784 00:16:10.752 --> 00:16:14.860 blogger commented, "As soon as I read this recipe, I knew it was NOTE Confidence: 0.866157948970795 3971298c-3cba-4efa-903c-7993a866c082 00:16:14.860 --> 00:16:16.124 something I would love." NOTE Confidence: 0.899230659008026 41375b78-8ecf-49e4-b797-c62a2a5d6f46 00:16:16.840 --> 00:16:19.990 Really now? I did not have that response myself. NOTE Confidence: 0.795652985572815 7b7e7457-6905-480a-bfcd-8305b0e67091 00:16:22.430 --> 00:16:26.327 In an interview with Remica Bingham, Trethewey notes, "The NOTE Confidence: 0.795652985572815 e406bb1d-6919-4efa-9aa5-917b9391400c 00:16:26.327 --> 00:16:30.657 naming of bridges and roads and the building of monuments NOTE Confidence: 0.795652985572815 58c77162-e5b8-492c-a349-371c22b048a9 00:16:30.657 --> 00:16:34.554 inscribes a particular narrative onto the landscape and erases NOTE Confidence: 0.893968224525452 ed369ba8-da09-4a2a-932a-c31601d4af8a 00:16:34.554 --> 00:16:39.678 another." In other words, it matters if we drive down NOTE Confidence: 0.893968224525452 3ea8eeb1-3ca0-46a9-88b3-d01c78394417 00:16:39.678 --> 00:16:40.974 Jefferson Davis Parkway, NOTE Confidence: 0.887494683265686 46c5efc4-7e55-44b0-82a0-be97aada2fa0 00:16:41.580 --> 00:16:44.890 just as it matters if we drive down Martin Luther NOTE Confidence: 0.887494683265686 2e48ac03-c3d3-4685-85cb-f3c92a3c7d76 00:16:44.890 --> 00:16:45.883 King, Jr. Boulevard. NOTE Confidence: 0.856926620006561 c0755298-66be-4112-8d05-473418a1cbb0 00:16:46.920 --> 00:16:50.880 The naming of a wildlife refuge or even a dessert NOTE Confidence: 0.787952780723572 f80e082b-f6db-4cbe-9d56-7ef34447709b 00:16:51.480 --> 00:16:54.126 inscribes a subtle narrative about what we NOTE Confidence: 0.787952780723572 94d5b40f-0f90-4f68-b02e-cd5567c7485a 00:16:54.126 --> 00:16:55.260 think is important. NOTE Confidence: 0.830879092216492 7086d1e6-3e7b-4080-8adb-e34582685ef8 00:16:57.060 --> 00:17:01.893 You may have already noticed images of monuments throughout NOTE Confidence: 0.830879092216492 c484bf81-efb0-48e0-a346-6a75b3e87e05 00:17:01.893 --> 00:17:06.189 Native Guard: gravestones, statues and bronze plaques, yes-- NOTE Confidence: 0.830879092216492 0ef82683-8388-42b4-807c-12b90a00968a 00:17:06.189 --> 00:17:09.948 but also diaries, photographs, letters, textbooks, films, NOTE Confidence: 0.830879092216492 866166ca-05dc-4c7c-a1e0-5cda8dfcf431 00:17:09.948 --> 00:17:12.633 Confederate clothes under glass in NOTE Confidence: 0.793018102645874 ade0a41a-5e91-43bd-800f-c50e2b442923 00:17:12.633 --> 00:17:17.820 a museum. Even daffodils and empty fruit bowls act as monuments to NOTE Confidence: 0.793018102645874 ec810b8f-9340-48d5-b39f-b5c567d62ed8 00:17:17.820 --> 00:17:21.303 the loss of Trethewey's mother, although they're everyday objects. NOTE Confidence: 0.851864635944366 b184c703-58c5-416a-a3e9-bcd7f4bb0f7b 00:17:21.970 --> 00:17:25.345 Monuments are everywhere in this book, taking many forms. NOTE Confidence: 0.814144611358643 069e3d18-8139-413e-a9de-2fca660420cb 00:17:27.580 --> 00:17:34.246 My second point is this: Monuments NOTE Confidence: 0.814144611358643 ac6fd3e7-5678-4b68-bef5-692da8e52d70 00:17:34.246 --> 00:17:40.912 conceal as much as they reveal. NOTE Confidence: 0.905478835105896 35ac4e1f-6bd2-4bb4-a66c-9d76267a2ca3 00:17:43.450 --> 00:17:45.322 Here's a perfectly innocent NOTE Confidence: 0.894082844257355 b8bb6cb0-aded-4538-8e7d-69efa059ddf5 00:17:45.322 --> 00:17:49.434 looking public Civil War monument from Gettysburg  NOTE Confidence: 0.894082844257355 b9f566cf-5f86-4982-865e-3bfe0ffe91bd 00:17:49.434 --> 00:17:51.210 National Military Park in NOTE Confidence: 0.843501746654511 0f0a127c-085a-482c-ae7c-1c29d51e0f51 00:17:51.210 --> 00:17:57.618 Pennsylvania. Two white soldiers, one Confederate and one Union, NOTE Confidence: 0.843501746654511 39aebc31-2ac4-4aa5-99fd-26d9ab2a5a03 00:17:57.618 --> 00:18:02.140 embrace. The monument reads, "Friend to Friend." NOTE Confidence: 0.815937459468842 6269288d-c563-4688-910d-ddecedc4ba3e 00:18:03.760 --> 00:18:06.888 As heartwarming as these monument builders no doubt NOTE Confidence: 0.815937459468842 a19a4253-8e03-497c-89c6-60a404853bdb 00:18:06.888 --> 00:18:08.843 intended this sentiment to be, NOTE Confidence: 0.873896420001984 92671a09-8bf0-4eb6-b0aa-4783b14f481f 00:18:09.350 --> 00:18:13.230 this monument reveals a certain narrative about the Civil War: NOTE Confidence: 0.873896420001984 793f12d8-84ab-4c02-b1ad-57909972f36c 00:18:13.230 --> 00:18:15.170 that only white soldiers fought NOTE Confidence: 0.850171506404877 da883442-1f07-4eae-b433-2f818caa8b17 00:18:15.170 --> 00:18:20.810 in it. We know that isn't true, but that's the narrative this NOTE Confidence: 0.850171506404877 38eec3bb-2528-4d8e-aad9-98862145c3b5 00:18:20.810 --> 00:18:23.234 particular monument presents. Friend to friend:  NOTE Confidence: 0.849500417709351 5e1cb469-7b93-42db-8e2a-e92b73b7b11f 00:18:23.760 --> 00:18:25.810 white friend to white friend. NOTE Confidence: 0.897693157196045 c704b32f-0a4d-4b1f-a533-6cd9bb8eb44b 00:18:26.750 --> 00:18:29.990 Something's missing here--something important. NOTE Confidence: 0.909356653690338 4feecba2-b3d8-4d58-9b70-69857f2e918a 00:18:34.150 --> 00:18:38.099 To look at a monument is to ask what is missing. NOTE Confidence: 0.783295333385468 728cd33d-0234-4732-b252-eed088dcbf38 00:18:40.540 --> 00:18:44.467 Monuments conceal as much as they reveal. NOTE Confidence: 0.827253878116608 0e158c69-0e20-413d-a327-fd9a8fa2ab71 00:18:46.250 --> 00:18:48.410 Trethewey calls this NOTE Confidence: 0.885917723178864 6dc3da9f-88f1-49bc-a30b-83039bb3f8a7 00:18:48.410 --> 00:18:51.776 "historical erasure." Or to think of it another way: NOTE Confidence: 0.842488348484039 f17238d2-1ef8-49ff-8fe7-871ff01fdea1 00:18:53.520 --> 00:18:56.908 "Whoever erects the monuments makes the history." NOTE Confidence: 0.860597908496857 f9ead6d5-8961-4daf-b65b-c3deba67b1e2 00:18:59.040 --> 00:19:02.690 This is a problem. It's the main problem of Trethewey's NOTE Confidence: 0.860597908496857 ab61ca41-0250-4867-b478-289b742958a0 00:19:02.690 --> 00:19:06.340 book, and it's what her poems are trying to remedy. NOTE Confidence: 0.804673910140991 4ec0a299-59c9-4556-a09d-b8d7e38a37a3 00:19:09.600 --> 00:19:12.099 Reversing historical erasure. NOTE Confidence: 0.818050563335419 895003e9-aad4-4710-849b-09ebb6049871 00:19:13.070 --> 00:19:16.750 That's a tall order for a poem, especially a pint- NOTE Confidence: 0.818050563335419 bb8c81b2-68ba-47ec-88c0-dd85a2f16c08 00:19:16.750 --> 00:19:20.062 sized poem like the sonnet. No pressure, sonnet!  NOTE Confidence: 0.840150058269501 486b5d5d-815c-47a9-938f-150e55f1f2ca 00:19:21.500 --> 00:19:25.660 And while all of Native Guard revolves around issues of NOTE Confidence: 0.840150058269501 fa8fedc8-beb7-4471-8d08-41738e4a504f 00:19:25.660 --> 00:19:28.988 remembering and forgetting--or, put another way, around NOTE Confidence: 0.840150058269501 943d9cb0-af48-4e2e-bbd9-041d3d86c527 00:19:28.988 --> 00:19:33.980 monuments or the lack of them--I think it's precisely in this NOTE Confidence: 0.840150058269501 757d0dc6-9d8b-416d-be3e-2506317f81ff 00:19:33.980 --> 00:19:36.476 book's sonnets where Trethewey's critique of NOTE Confidence: 0.840150058269501 87d89183-7387-4928-9621-3f6c3b70b447 00:19:36.476 --> 00:19:38.140 monuments is the sharpest. NOTE Confidence: 0.823710680007935 45192d22-4623-4c03-8ec0-7c7330eb30a4 00:19:39.920 --> 00:19:44.108 We have to know how sonnets work in order to understand how NOTE Confidence: 0.823710680007935 37c5ef0f-24cd-417c-a5cf-2c27c39982eb 00:19:44.108 --> 00:19:45.504 Trethewey is using them. NOTE Confidence: 0.842712223529816 e3890103-ca9e-4631-82d4-458ec47109b4 00:19:46.220 --> 00:19:49.340 So now I'm going to talk about the sonnet's structure. NOTE Confidence: 0.808884501457214 1981ddeb-c9f8-499e-9fca-81cb64108262 00:19:52.090 --> 00:19:57.400 The sonnet's structure is built on three things: limitation, NOTE Confidence: 0.808884501457214 03210d74-8210-4907-bf3f-d1e6c4ec3f63 00:19:57.400 --> 00:19:59.170 asymmetry, and movement. NOTE Confidence: 0.77703469991684 e6641aa5-219c-4499-a561-b09463ed2bb7 00:20:01.030 --> 00:20:06.713 First, limitation. If you studied sonnets at all in high school, NOTE Confidence: 0.77703469991684 c47daf95-e70a-48f2-9215-649ce22ac842 00:20:06.713 --> 00:20:10.877 you may remember that they're not long poems. A sonnet's brevity is a NOTE Confidence: 0.77703469991684 ba6556a4-2b6a-497d-b7bf-0a584f61313f 00:20:10.877 --> 00:20:12.959 big part of its poetic identity. NOTE Confidence: 0.810689151287079 b75d0f1b-3549-434a-942e-bf222a80824d 00:20:14.220 --> 00:20:18.884 Sonnets have fourteen lines, and that's it. That is not much! NOTE Confidence: 0.810689151287079 e5b4afca-710f-4610-9bea-8d44080912e0 00:20:18.884 --> 00:20:23.972 Think about how long Harry Potter novels are or how long an NOTE Confidence: 0.810689151287079 71626514-1850-4c33-941a-72db2b88e8a2 00:20:23.972 --> 00:20:29.060 epic poem like Beowulf or the Iliad is. They've got pages and NOTE Confidence: 0.810689151287079 94c23357-3b78-4968-99a2-90c8b46738dc 00:20:29.060 --> 00:20:31.180 pages to tell their stories. NOTE Confidence: 0.830821573734283 3b1fc015-51b9-4cc2-9283-adbccff8f3e2 00:20:31.770 --> 00:20:35.226 The sonnet, on the other hand, has to do its work in NOTE Confidence: 0.830821573734283 1b235169-5d74-4994-9afc-1e60b01cc6ac 00:20:35.226 --> 00:20:36.090 a tiny space. NOTE Confidence: 0.796926558017731 36435779-7246-4049-82e1-278fe60a1dc9 00:20:37.770 --> 00:20:39.960 The sonnet's lines are short, too. NOTE Confidence: 0.771133780479431 fb248ac5-df87-46a0-a96b-28f07aebbc6f 00:20:40.660 --> 00:20:43.964 Sonnets are traditionally in iambic pentameter. That's a NOTE Confidence: 0.771133780479431 3000f196-831d-48b6-a453-671b27023a77 00:20:43.964 --> 00:20:48.094 highfalutin technical poetic phrase, but all it means is that NOTE Confidence: 0.771133780479431 d4c5b376-9f04-4380-ac93-0615986850c5 00:20:48.094 --> 00:20:51.811 each line in a sonnet typically has ten syllables. NOTE Confidence: 0.810112237930298 94158476-e2e3-474d-a214-6a3726fa21a0 00:20:52.500 --> 00:20:55.812 And those ten syllables have a set rhythmic pattern. NOTE Confidence: 0.846814930438995 a5b958fa-7f4a-492b-89ef-fc642327a5b2 00:20:56.430 --> 00:20:59.906 The short lines, and the pattern of the meter, add two NOTE Confidence: 0.846814930438995 86cdb3ae-495d-4995-85bd-c2d416b99b72 00:20:59.906 --> 00:21:02.434 more layers of limitation to the sonnet form. NOTE Confidence: 0.854177713394165 e1e08e2f-e9b7-414b-be7e-7148e90091b7 00:21:03.750 --> 00:21:07.218 Again, there's only so much room you have to maneuver in a NOTE Confidence: 0.843096196651459 184a2396-47d4-4171-a9a1-0e6e0a1555ca 00:21:07.218 --> 00:21:11.092 sonnet. This means that sonnets are typically about a NOTE Confidence: 0.843096196651459 f8055231-e743-413f-9ddb-6620d684df68 00:21:11.092 --> 00:21:14.548 single moment, a brief emotion, or a single thought. NOTE Confidence: 0.763529539108276 7fb77a03-2370-40c7-b794-af7b16035088 00:21:16.150 --> 00:21:19.438 You can't go hunting all of the Horcruxes in a sonnet. There's NOTE Confidence: 0.763529539108276 46a05d9e-92c6-4789-9a0f-c32aac637f1d 00:21:19.438 --> 00:21:20.534 just not time, y'all. NOTE Confidence: 0.826613485813141 a1303827-79f0-4d80-8900-d15c0b47315b 00:21:22.400 --> 00:21:26.504 And I think this is one reason that Rossetti singles out the NOTE Confidence: 0.826613485813141 e7ecf7f1-8bbb-4d0a-9e73-1bd20dc0bd83 00:21:26.504 --> 00:21:28.214 sonnet as a moment's monument. NOTE Confidence: 0.874788761138916 ea658ef2-b4fc-4d35-90b1-66c0112cf5f3 00:21:30.370 --> 00:21:32.706 There are advantages to the sonnet's limitations. Let's go NOTE Confidence: 0.874788761138916 3e58a6b3-fc1e-480a-97d4-2fe3f6964d9a 00:21:32.706 --> 00:21:36.794 right to the woman of the hour, and see what she has to say. NOTE Confidence: 0.788200736045837 2e87e377-a747-43b3-a729-bf7107756dbd 00:21:37.950 --> 00:21:43.320 Here's Trethewey: "I admire the sonnet form, little envelopes of NOTE Confidence: 0.788200736045837 554faa2c-8e3c-4642-b1cb-c831396b131a 00:21:43.320 --> 00:21:46.542 small space, ten syllables in 14 NOTE Confidence: 0.933626532554626 b16ec802-b09d-4b7f-b437-f8e85f64b2eb 00:21:46.542 --> 00:21:48.985 lines . . . There's no room for NOTE Confidence: 0.917895376682281 ad43babf-c97b-41ab-912c-9758f81db22b 00:21:48.985 --> 00:21:51.422 anything extra. You are forced NOTE Confidence: 0.870686829090118 5660f7aa-dad5-4025-9a69-43f91ac62e6c 00:21:51.422 --> 00:21:54.790 to select. What is kept has energy." NOTE Confidence: 0.833117067813873 08801e14-9be2-4fc2-a858-78eff01e198c 00:22:00.310 --> 00:22:04.246 "You are forced to select, and what you select you must infuse with NOTE Confidence: 0.883346080780029 7f45a7ee-b581-4eec-9964-1aa8ea9193cb 00:22:04.246 --> 00:22:08.014 meaning. What is kept has energy, offers the NOTE Confidence: 0.883346080780029 520119b0-667f-4938-b439-a8bff9d977ea 00:22:08.014 --> 00:22:09.542 right amount of story." NOTE Confidence: 0.834743678569794 f7e026e6-c67b-4414-9b4f-b3e087468fd4 00:22:10.780 --> 00:22:15.941 "You are forced to select. What is kept, has energy." When you look NOTE Confidence: 0.834743678569794 65a6f57e-818e-4d71-8e38-6dd26b3818f1 00:22:15.941 --> 00:22:19.514 at any sonnet, think of Trethewey's words. The form NOTE Confidence: 0.834743678569794 2323cc73-0f73-44ec-9aeb-db78bcb7ba63 00:22:19.514 --> 00:22:23.484 forces you to consider the question of what is absolutely NOTE Confidence: 0.893452644348145 597607df-b256-4d77-b8bf-191e6361a981 00:22:23.484 --> 00:22:26.696 essential. What is important enough to make it into the NOTE Confidence: 0.893452644348145 71b03486-4a93-495c-a345-826bf9a0ca47 00:22:26.696 --> 00:22:29.236 poem has got to be there for a good reason. NOTE Confidence: 0.808872222900391 0f6c991a-7c6e-4526-97ab-eb515df33b0f 00:22:32.460 --> 00:22:36.890 Next, asymmetry. The sonnet's rhyme scheme creates an NOTE Confidence: 0.808872222900391 60fac467-ca6c-4ee9-9d3f-9aece28a8b94 00:22:36.890 --> 00:22:40.090 asymmetrical effect. There are several kinds of sonnets, NOTE Confidence: 0.808872222900391 a0f811e0-ea04-4384-bd88-b2c1cf98d64a 00:22:40.090 --> 00:22:44.890 and all of them do this, but as I've said, Trethewey only NOTE Confidence: 0.808872222900391 151eb5a6-b121-4ed6-96e1-acb377334f51 00:22:44.890 --> 00:22:48.090 experiments with the English sonnet in  Native Guard. NOTE Confidence: 0.838824987411499 e5efed4a-250f-4d4c-84bd-61dbd0e4f3a5 00:22:49.550 --> 00:22:51.590 The English sonnet may be somewhat familiar to you. NOTE Confidence: 0.838824987411499 aba3c285-56f2-48ab-894e-ccff351c57b9 00:22:51.590 --> 00:22:54.395 There is a good chance some of you encountered the guy NOTE Confidence: 0.838824987411499 c14a7657-c59d-47f4-8749-239b756f5a2c 00:22:54.395 --> 00:22:56.945 who made it famous when you were in high school. NOTE Confidence: 0.845899343490601 2ef9dfe5-68da-416f-a387-2d91735961e0 00:23:02.280 --> 00:23:05.619 I'm going to use one of Shakespeare's most famous NOTE Confidence: 0.845899343490601 4067b495-ebf1-4fad-9bb1-f1195749c1d3 00:23:05.619 --> 00:23:08.958 sonnets, #130, also known as "My mistress's eyes are NOTE Confidence: 0.845899343490601 2a0e2ad0-91f2-499f-af99-c645b6ee66ac 00:23:08.958 --> 00:23:12.668 nothing like the sun," to point out the sonnet's asymmetry. NOTE Confidence: 0.85394161939621 d3271f7c-4ea2-4741-b186-c0b93e2b5197 00:23:14.970 --> 00:23:20.838 An English sonnet is divided into two main parts, based on how NOTE Confidence: 0.85394161939621 f5848684-46c9-45d3-8e70-f17424b57fca 00:23:20.838 --> 00:23:25.239 it rhymes: either alternating or next to each other. NOTE Confidence: 0.847446739673615 1c9a04bd-e431-4ece-b7bf-e40ae8d3ce74 00:23:26.390 --> 00:23:30.771 You can see that in the English sonnet's first 12 lines, the rhymes NOTE Confidence: 0.855882942676544 a4f3395b-be59-4b1e-9bad-39ef43b46d64 00:23:30.771 --> 00:23:35.150 alternate. Every four lines, the color scheme of the alternating NOTE Confidence: 0.757414102554321 7305a5d3-db84-439b-9506-4bcec29d5b14 00:23:35.150 --> 00:23:39.550 rhymes changes. These four line units are called quatrains, NOTE Confidence: 0.924969851970673 0092facf-e6b6-439b-a70b-c298981b6e6f 00:23:40.340 --> 00:23:41.588 and there are three of them. NOTE Confidence: 0.918330907821655 52e0efef-a36d-4576-b4b3-7943844a6b47 00:23:42.380 --> 00:23:43.739 Blue and yellow, NOTE Confidence: 0.914957582950592 6e28667b-c8ce-4559-b528-7f856db4e01f 00:23:44.330 --> 00:23:45.548 pink and green, NOTE Confidence: 0.928538501262665 3ead76fb-8729-48ce-894a-2deb212bfb32 00:23:46.270 --> 00:23:47.740 purple and orange. NOTE Confidence: 0.811613440513611 0b3acdde-8059-4a4c-a7c8-c059bdea4aa4 00:23:48.520 --> 00:23:52.219 Three units. These three quatrains make up the first NOTE Confidence: 0.811613440513611 1416ab27-8331-4293-8d3a-b6bde7210853 00:23:52.219 --> 00:23:53.863 part of the sonnet. NOTE Confidence: 0.80830991268158 c22fb886-c1c4-4911-8fc2-2ed69a0e757c 00:23:56.210 --> 00:24:00.134 Only in the last two lines of the poem, called the couplet, NOTE Confidence: 0.80830991268158 0e9b2b3d-9413-47e1-88c2-07987f495995 00:24:00.134 --> 00:24:04.712 the other part of the sonnet, do we get two rhymes right next to NOTE Confidence: 0.80830991268158 8772d4a1-3f4b-4dc3-8e73-e5ce08fa8df7 00:24:04.712 --> 00:24:07.655 each other, indicated by the words here in red. NOTE Confidence: 0.860906422138214 fd9efd9f-fede-42a6-9b70-b9fe274a8e53 00:24:09.650 --> 00:24:13.730 The point right before the couplet is called the "turn"-- NOTE Confidence: 0.902313649654388 d4d9ba78-7a07-4aaf-af7c-3dbcad18ce65 00:24:14.480 --> 00:24:18.704 Indicated by the little red arrow that comes after Line 12. NOTE Confidence: 0.880354046821594 199b9f33-b04a-413b-83f4-46a3239b2df4 00:24:19.470 --> 00:24:22.130 At the "turn," the sonnet changes NOTE Confidence: 0.76664274930954 369ba590-7000-4641-852b-f8a8db219e8a 00:24:22.130 --> 00:24:25.065 direction. It swerves to a new NOTE Confidence: 0.892087280750275 9c31e29e-5d64-4447-b8de-0004ae9ad389 00:24:25.065 --> 00:24:28.055 idea. It comes to a resounding NOTE Confidence: 0.858407318592072 2dd8c668-ec14-43b1-9502-1bedda3ac9b2 00:24:28.055 --> 00:24:31.185 conclusion. The "turn" happens because the NOTE Confidence: 0.858407318592072 144d201e-da3e-43cb-b6e2-aa0c1ebbcfbd 00:24:31.185 --> 00:24:32.466 rhyme scheme changes. NOTE Confidence: 0.88139933347702 14f6461c-ef48-4733-8427-f4f6168555c2 00:24:35.100 --> 00:24:37.340 Now here's the structure without NOTE Confidence: 0.812068819999695 71a8cf4d-e862-48ff-a4a3-5f7eebfa58ac 00:24:37.340 --> 00:24:41.710 the words. You can see pretty quickly by looking at these NOTE Confidence: 0.812068819999695 76f2742f-823a-4f69-8827-1341917da139 00:24:41.710 --> 00:24:45.010 blank shapes, without Shakespeare's "thees" and "thous" here to distract NOTE Confidence: 0.780068337917328 fd0eb0d5-888f-4c10-a34e-70063fd5a564 00:24:45.010 --> 00:24:47.510 us, that a sonnet's parts don't NOTE Confidence: 0.867266356945038 e8c1555a-93d1-4d60-b74e-8ccdaf776823 00:24:47.510 --> 00:24:52.760 match up. On either side of the "turn," you've got two different NOTE Confidence: 0.867266356945038 d4824643-3424-48eb-a185-e3ae65c83d97 00:24:52.760 --> 00:24:54.248 parts of unequal lengths. NOTE Confidence: 0.842906415462494 b0943211-5cd7-4b39-a5e4-b78648ac17f4 00:24:55.970 --> 00:25:01.334 The sonnet form is always asymmetrical, always top-heavy. NOTE Confidence: 0.842906415462494 4391bc3f-0ae9-4f97-b9d6-118d503ade30 00:25:01.334 --> 00:25:07.294 That asymmetry creates a tension that makes the sonnet a perfect NOTE Confidence: 0.842906415462494 ed4817b6-d6cf-44f6-9ef9-00d16a69b776 00:25:07.294 --> 00:25:11.466 vehicle for conflict, problems, arguments, and critiques. NOTE Confidence: 0.863068461418152 4be72635-d03c-4446-9304-093ee2a78eeb 00:25:12.100 --> 00:25:16.400 And in fact, presenting problems and offering resolutions is the NOTE Confidence: 0.863068461418152 c0659164-87c2-4d73-96f4-1464bec92a4e 00:25:16.400 --> 00:25:18.980 job of the sonnet does best. NOTE Confidence: 0.829784154891968 45c823a8-aa49-494e-bc43-256d38207875 00:25:20.730 --> 00:25:24.393 This brings us to the third characteristic of sonnets: NOTE Confidence: 0.822590708732605 dba2fa6f-3bb0-40e9-a876-3956b592e6bc 00:25:24.930 --> 00:25:25.940 movement. NOTE Confidence: 0.879682958126068 48e5de4b-a328-4870-93db-eceb1a3f2089 00:25:28.000 --> 00:25:31.933 A problem-resolution structure is built into the NOTE Confidence: 0.879682958126068 e144ee9f-1c23-48bd-a5bf-45b111f44059 00:25:31.933 --> 00:25:34.992 sonnet. Here it is in the abstract: NOTE Confidence: 0.831603586673737 2134be5c-5fda-411a-a18e-240a1570ebac 00:25:36.570 --> 00:25:41.680 Biiiig problem. Moves to teeny-tiny resolution. NOTE Confidence: 0.896181881427765 4218a655-9ec0-425d-9002-8c70baba0a5a 00:25:43.180 --> 00:25:47.151 Let's look at Shakespeare's sonnet 130 again to see how it NOTE Confidence: 0.896181881427765 7a783bbe-5ca8-4311-9654-c39c666eeee6 00:25:47.151 --> 00:25:48.234 works in practice. NOTE Confidence: 0.841490030288696 f39bf096-a2f6-4a1b-b8b3-72b83e8b010d 00:25:52.940 --> 00:25:54.920 The first quatrain introduces NOTE Confidence: 0.912694275379181 24edf053-1fac-4146-a8e2-a553c0002d11 00:25:54.920 --> 00:25:59.486 the problem: "My ladyfriend is kind of average-looking." NOTE Confidence: 0.818735659122467 68c87258-7754-49c8-9bc3-5fa00becba5d 00:26:00.500 --> 00:26:04.911 As the poet moves through the second and third quatrains, the NOTE Confidence: 0.818735659122467 ebdb34cf-f508-4a21-8210-b88c0b59fbc3 00:26:04.911 --> 00:26:08.921 speaker continues to develop the problem, each time from a NOTE Confidence: 0.818735659122467 3cff0503-92a3-4c16-bb3d-d0bdd9c921b0 00:26:08.921 --> 00:26:12.530 slightly different angle: She's not that fragrant. Her voice NOTE Confidence: 0.818735659122467 a1c4715a-a5ff-4b88-833c-b31e8ad40394 00:26:12.530 --> 00:26:16.941 isn't pleasant to hear. She kind of clomps along wherever NOTE Confidence: 0.731323301792145 5bdf4895-6659-40ff-a3bc-1670d373646c 00:26:16.941 --> 00:26:20.296 she goes. Oh, Shakespeare. NOTE Confidence: 0.845843911170959 43c5032a-66d2-4644-8bea-e7c8cd51c7ee 00:26:20.296 --> 00:26:23.576 Really? Such a way with the ladies. NOTE Confidence: 0.85332715511322 64265251-5282-495d-ad1c-fb669c855756 00:26:24.710 --> 00:26:28.720 But you can see this movement: one two three, quatrain quatrain quatrain. NOTE Confidence: 0.85332715511322 fa819684-7538-4de0-99bc-a2bb9bc01c30 00:26:28.720 --> 00:26:33.532 You can compare the movement of the first 12 lines of an English NOTE Confidence: 0.85332715511322 cacaf525-b387-4a8f-a083-0fdac5f504a9 00:26:33.532 --> 00:26:38.745 sonnet to taking three deep breaths to blow up a balloon. By the NOTE Confidence: 0.85332715511322 1688b061-b76d-4891-b752-6118ee597dd4 00:26:38.745 --> 00:26:44.359 time you get to the end of 12 lines, the balloon is pretty big. NOTE Confidence: 0.884255051612854 e2953754-e337-4e83-b4ff-0f45052bda59 00:26:44.880 --> 00:26:51.336 The turn, indicated by our trusty little red arrow, comes next, and NOTE Confidence: 0.884255051612854 7727ce02-da51-49a3-83b6-891317595a85 00:26:51.336 --> 00:26:53.488 it signals the movement, NOTE Confidence: 0.80489045381546 dc31499d-51f9-4692-b18f-4a0bef273d64 00:26:54.190 --> 00:26:58.524 the swerve, from the problem to the resolution, from the three NOTE Confidence: 0.80489045381546 f553e4b0-70cf-4e00-aad3-5db2bb6983b7 00:26:58.524 --> 00:27:00.100 quatrains to the couplet. NOTE Confidence: 0.862760722637177 346ccd92-95e2-4404-9147-71b312142d05 00:27:00.780 --> 00:27:03.750 You've got to have that turn in direction or NOTE Confidence: 0.862760722637177 f2a61280-dfd9-442a-b837-345c699822ae 00:27:03.750 --> 00:27:05.400 it's not a true sonnet. NOTE Confidence: 0.900091469287872 2c56a22c-8c00-474c-8a9e-428862c6e942 00:27:07.340 --> 00:27:11.366 After all of that time, building up the problem, the English NOTE Confidence: 0.900091469287872 fb2650f1-8e3b-4fd1-a772-7a4d3094f570 00:27:11.366 --> 00:27:15.026 sonnet only has two lines to come to a resolution. NOTE Confidence: 0.909004271030426 aac974ae-fbda-479e-b0f6-e243272e89b4 00:27:15.810 --> 00:27:18.123 So it comes to it with a lot of NOTE Confidence: 0.856004655361176 99d3b2d7-f31a-4765-a3f8-7b285833db85 00:27:18.123 --> 00:27:22.748 force. I like to think of the final couplet as a pin popping NOTE Confidence: 0.856004655361176 409d4b0b-2303-411b-bad2-bcba4545ef08 00:27:22.748 --> 00:27:25.688 the balloon it took 12 whole lines to blow up. NOTE Confidence: 0.901465058326721 26737075-9be2-411c-832c-98fe5c013f80 00:27:28.300 --> 00:27:32.308 After building up 12 lines about how his ladyfriend is all right, NOTE Confidence: 0.901465058326721 dcbc167d-8a07-4214-bfbe-445897ac9093 00:27:32.308 --> 00:27:35.314 but maybe not a supermodel, we get the resolution: NOTE Confidence: 0.87647807598114 47dcee9d-1f22-4adf-a075-c80eb1a372cb 00:27:35.930 --> 00:27:40.754 "I don't have to tell lies to write a tribute to my NOTE Confidence: 0.87647807598114 6b32b90a-838a-4614-b23d-f5363494eac2 00:27:40.754 --> 00:27:44.774 mistress. She's awesome and perfect the way she is." Pop. NOTE Confidence: 0.87647807598114 6c8b25db-2035-4afc-bfb5-6096c889bd7a 00:27:44.774 --> 00:27:47.186 End of poem. So, to review: NOTE Confidence: 0.906288206577301 efae43cf-fe73-4810-bc10-e1e7547676ce 00:27:49.660 --> 00:27:53.976 This is how a sonnet works when you follow all of the rules. NOTE Confidence: 0.862414002418518 ad212f02-250f-49f2-966a-882a9825014d 00:27:54.770 --> 00:27:58.680 When you read a sonnet like this, there's a satisfying NOTE Confidence: 0.862414002418518 75ab7e2d-0313-4491-8a7d-f6a607b816df 00:27:58.680 --> 00:28:01.808 feeling of set-up, turn, and closure--of watching NOTE Confidence: 0.862414002418518 3d1e033b-1a96-4f5d-b993-68738ca521a2 00:28:01.808 --> 00:28:05.327 something work the way we expect it to work. NOTE Confidence: 0.892991602420807 0fadd617-0ee1-4395-a131-5003f275d8c2 00:28:07.040 --> 00:28:11.876 But what about poets who choose not to give us what we expect? NOTE Confidence: 0.895525872707367 32814ddc-4b6e-4d63-a64e-53b1d3291769 00:28:13.630 --> 00:28:18.336 When a poet experiments with any form, as I've said, it's best to NOTE Confidence: 0.895525872707367 18d485ec-c455-4200-ae30-711010b17649 00:28:18.336 --> 00:28:22.680 pay attention, to ask why did she not follow the rules here? NOTE Confidence: 0.895437121391296 ac96dd23-cae4-4ade-b127-0b8920f91d61 00:28:23.320 --> 00:28:25.582 In the breaking of rules, there NOTE Confidence: 0.85386323928833 d8940a0e-b924-4d38-8f0a-56f83578de1f 00:28:25.582 --> 00:28:29.710 is meaning. So let's see how Trethewey both follows and NOTE Confidence: 0.85386323928833 920ef6a6-3cb8-454e-8532-5e9a8d6a7959 00:28:29.710 --> 00:28:34.400 breaks the rules of the sonnet, and what she might mean by it. NOTE Confidence: 0.871487855911255 abd5a50f-d0fe-4ce3-9973-b9a30a2dc926 00:28:36.530 --> 00:28:41.525 What I want to do now is look at sonnets from each section of the NOTE Confidence: 0.880065023899078 6d47fb14-5ce4-48f9-9541-172322066aab 00:28:41.525 --> 00:28:46.936 book. We'll be considering "What is Evidence," a few sections of NOTE Confidence: 0.880065023899078 2512c20f-67c2-4297-ae00-35ac8fed5999 00:28:46.936 --> 00:28:48.520 "Native Guard," and "Southern NOTE Confidence: 0.840623199939728 8e44afcd-d9c8-4658-8f46-360ac3550bdf 00:28:48.520 --> 00:28:52.594 History." There are other sonnets in the book that we NOTE Confidence: 0.840623199939728 0ede51c1-73d5-41eb-8de9-b21aba69a48e 00:28:52.594 --> 00:28:55.708 don't have time to discuss today--"Graveyard Blues.,"the NOTE Confidence: 0.840623199939728 27387073-18b7-4e1c-b644-a5e80e6773b8 00:28:55.708 --> 00:28:58.822 rest of "Native Guard," and "Pastoral"--but I encourage you NOTE Confidence: 0.840623199939728 c1431dc6-cff6-48aa-9296-5f52ecab2ed4 00:28:58.822 --> 00:29:03.320 to look at them on your own and think about how and why NOTE Confidence: 0.840623199939728 c6137921-23f0-4326-86f3-0bac6776bc3b 00:29:03.320 --> 00:29:05.396 Trethewey is experimenting with the form. NOTE Confidence: 0.849370241165161 a2396874-929c-4123-9bc2-3c44a39741bf 00:29:07.380 --> 00:29:12.070 Now we'll have senior Meghan Hunter read "What is Evidence." NOTE Confidence: 0.823864877223969 0484362d-9f62-4a6c-ae17-5aa82f37acf7 00:29:14.930 --> 00:29:17.954 "What is Evidence.  Not the fleeting bruises she'd cover  NOTE Confidence: 0.823864877223969 388f404c-9d3a-4504-b138-ccb8ae428af4 00:29:17.954 --> 00:29:21.986 with makeup, a dark patch like the imprint of a scope she'd NOTE Confidence: 0.823864877223969 844587b9-e00b-4fc3-9904-f9379dad5745 00:29:21.986 --> 00:29:26.354 pressed her eye too close to, looking for a way out, nor the NOTE Confidence: 0.823864877223969 a608f845-a3e2-43d9-a569-d6433f8df37a 00:29:26.354 --> 00:29:30.722 quiver in the voice she'd steady, leaning into a pot of bones on NOTE Confidence: 0.823864877223969 719de665-0e03-44bc-b854-47a1e35a1131 00:29:30.722 --> 00:29:35.426 the stove. Not the teeth she wore in place of her own, or the NOTE Confidence: 0.823864877223969 1e766e84-df12-4481-81d4-be71fcb80cb6 00:29:35.426 --> 00:29:38.114 official document--its seal and smeared signature--fading already,  NOTE Confidence: 0.823864877223969 d60a13f0-539d-41e1-9db9-99fbfc1e77be 00:29:38.114 --> 00:29:42.146 the edges wearing.  Not the tiny marker with its dates, her name, NOTE Confidence: 0.823864877223969 7db4bc78-9032-4fa3-bc45-c97deffe4f10 00:29:42.146 --> 00:29:45.170 abstract as history. Only the landscape of her body-- NOTE Confidence: 0.763543605804443 ab7b3275-9e85-4744-a76d-2e59e793a8ca 00:29:45.220 --> 00:29:47.929 splintered clavicle, pierced temporal--her thin bones  NOTE Confidence: 0.763543605804443 7f9c92b9-0af2-483e-a9e1-b776b6576ff5 00:29:47.929 --> 00:29:51.799 settling a bit each day, the way all things do." NOTE Confidence: 0.751051723957062 854cac8a-454c-4649-84c4-abbb95845b7f 00:29:52.820 --> 00:29:56.120 This sonnet is about Trethewey's mother, NOTE Confidence: 0.751051723957062 eacdf352-7235-45a3-a602-0094d477ebe7 00:29:56.120 --> 00:29:59.970 Gwendolyn Ann Turnbough, who was murdered by NOTE Confidence: 0.751051723957062 babf4c93-48d2-483a-aa9f-e3b4bcb3d7e9 00:29:59.970 --> 00:30:04.370 Trethewey's stepfather in 1985, when Trethewey was a NOTE Confidence: 0.751051723957062 49cca308-0468-4162-ac73-41f0c1152b02 00:30:04.370 --> 00:30:06.020 freshman in college. NOTE Confidence: 0.786058068275452 e60ebac2-4f13-4ca2-a7d6-20b5e4423895 00:30:07.380 --> 00:30:10.418 Trethewey's stepfather shot Turnbough once in the NOTE Confidence: 0.786058068275452 58c73ea5-516e-43b7-b24e-10f1ceaa7f22 00:30:10.418 --> 00:30:14.324 clavicle and once in the face. He also physically NOTE Confidence: 0.786058068275452 96d6fcf7-02d9-479d-836a-5d704d306a54 00:30:14.324 --> 00:30:17.362 abused Turnbough throughout their 12 year marriage. NOTE Confidence: 0.838940262794495 15be6571-ae61-4f77-a4ff-5fb27dc090a7 00:30:19.750 --> 00:30:24.190 Anytime you sit down to read a sonnet, ask yourself, NOTE Confidence: 0.906803667545319 c9d8a6af-ecbe-4533-a77f-985f213138fb 00:30:24.830 --> 00:30:28.460 "What problem is the poet going to address in this poem?" NOTE Confidence: 0.798952579498291 c19338ca-a30d-4535-9ac2-6d4a66b93f25 00:30:29.060 --> 00:30:33.339 In this case, Trethewey gives the problem in the poem's title: NOTE Confidence: 0.892502188682556 b4dc0557-90b3-4dc4-b26e-e9b66ec97ce4 00:30:33.850 --> 00:30:35.629 "What is evidence"? NOTE Confidence: 0.862677395343781 f3e73860-eefb-4c94-9430-a70acd5f3f6b 00:30:36.470 --> 00:30:41.186 Put more plainly: what counts as evidence in a NOTE Confidence: 0.862677395343781 7f3b8ead-0f10-40e7-895a-1884ed7eee67 00:30:41.186 --> 00:30:44.330 criminal trial? What evidence could actually NOTE Confidence: 0.862677395343781 33c229be-d054-43f8-92d4-a6a736ec99c0 00:30:44.330 --> 00:30:49.046 convict her stepfather of his crimes? But also: what NOTE Confidence: 0.862677395343781 bfef488d-23d6-4097-baec-cfe8d7c424f4 00:30:49.046 --> 00:30:52.714 counts as evidence of Trethewey's mother's life-- NOTE Confidence: 0.862677395343781 08206953-e431-4b5c-8672-44bf98b734b3 00:30:52.714 --> 00:30:55.334 what proves that she lived? NOTE Confidence: 0.803641319274902 0816cc4f-ab14-40cc-a75b-395de2c882cd 00:30:57.540 --> 00:31:02.160 Trethewey uses the asymmetry of the English sonnet to consider NOTE Confidence: 0.803641319274902 5788730c-583e-4d2d-b598-d835d16d9696 00:31:02.160 --> 00:31:06.780 different angles of her poem, but she blurs the sonnet's NOTE Confidence: 0.803641319274902 70e99892-0dd2-4bca-a246-056ceb3b7e65 00:31:06.780 --> 00:31:10.014 expected divisions, alternately stretching and shrinking its NOTE Confidence: 0.830783247947693 6db8a7a3-ed14-42ae-9104-c4f9d2e8b65a 00:31:10.014 --> 00:31:15.040 parts. We don't have three clearly delineated quatrains and NOTE Confidence: 0.830783247947693 4dcd7af1-5361-44e6-916e-e82676751e76 00:31:15.040 --> 00:31:16.540 one final couplet. NOTE Confidence: 0.883682608604431 37233c5b-a9a8-4d7a-845f-04c50ed8af46 00:31:17.120 --> 00:31:22.370 Instead, we have four parts of jagged lengths, even more NOTE Confidence: 0.883682608604431 07c42754-7263-4434-8ace-b10c56db0d9c 00:31:22.370 --> 00:31:23.945 asymmetrical than usual. NOTE Confidence: 0.888014018535614 eed2a695-d387-419c-9b9a-bdfccd908deb 00:31:24.860 --> 00:31:28.899 These parts are propelled forward from problem to NOTE Confidence: 0.888014018535614 8d784f73-38f6-4065-9bb2-218433a999f1 00:31:28.899 --> 00:31:35.823 resolution not by rhyme but by one repeated word: "not, not, not." NOTE Confidence: 0.846297144889832 5dba3820-561d-48b1-8c8c-b79d38837627 00:31:38.250 --> 00:31:43.782 The three sentences in the poem that begin with "not," in NOTE Confidence: 0.846297144889832 a73af29c-1b95-49a9-92a7-8373b5b74b3c 00:31:43.782 --> 00:31:47.470 yellow, are not traditional sonnet quatrains. They don't NOTE Confidence: 0.846297144889832 bb8966a4-a217-46c4-94f9-fbeea70f44ed 00:31:47.470 --> 00:31:53.002 rhyme, and they're not the right length. But they move like three NOTE Confidence: 0.846297144889832 c872e1b9-48a6-4cd4-b3c0-0c9c6bee5f67 00:31:53.002 --> 00:31:56.690 quatrains, setting up and reasoning through the poem's NOTE Confidence: 0.846297144889832 7c12476e-7ac3-4eae-9d5c-7c03deb675dc 00:31:56.690 --> 00:32:00.378 problem, its attempt to understand: what is evidence? NOTE Confidence: 0.84208744764328 38ae908f-b84e-4dbd-8745-12cb923d94fb 00:32:02.630 --> 00:32:07.294 The first sentence of the poem works like an English sonnet's NOTE Confidence: 0.84208744764328 9a291c94-807c-49a7-9931-bd03ae2a047b 00:32:07.294 --> 00:32:11.534 first quatrain, although you may have noticed that it's painfully NOTE Confidence: 0.84208744764328 0f75d4e5-9941-457d-a51c-38ebd71d6391 00:32:11.534 --> 00:32:15.350 stretched past its neat proportions at six lines long NOTE Confidence: 0.84208744764328 093fe4f2-210b-4113-8f48-8d7bdb430058 00:32:15.350 --> 00:32:17.470 instead of the expected four.  NOTE Confidence: 0.896375358104706 60218d43-bf8f-4e13-a03d-f980201edd2b 00:32:18.950 --> 00:32:22.618 The speaker's inability to define evidence here NOTE Confidence: 0.867972731590271 ffc25308-a17f-4bb1-9eac-3ccc38f5a708 00:32:23.750 --> 00:32:25.990 makes the sentence go on too long. NOTE Confidence: 0.88145911693573 1fddc1c1-2fab-49fd-99ab-351690ee7cb7 00:32:28.420 --> 00:32:32.853 We learn in the sentence that "evidence" is not the physical NOTE Confidence: 0.88145911693573 eb423c52-389d-4542-b2a9-0cf40ac0d306 00:32:32.853 --> 00:32:34.868 marks of the mother's abuse. NOTE Confidence: 0.919282078742981 51ed4629-28e8-4ca6-9694-76c32ad69d9a 00:32:35.780 --> 00:32:39.872 This kind of "evidence" is easy for the mother to cover up: NOTE Confidence: 0.868144154548645 ba3e2dff-c1d4-45ad-b6bc-8f48d067461d 00:32:40.780 --> 00:32:42.100 She puts on makeup. NOTE Confidence: 0.854432702064514 a1da12db-ebbc-4918-ad09-5b066ef1a0ac 00:32:42.740 --> 00:32:46.623 She is able to steady her voice when it shakes. She NOTE Confidence: 0.854432702064514 e1b8fe35-7530-42d1-a20e-58947f76697a 00:32:46.623 --> 00:32:48.035 can erase the evidence. NOTE Confidence: 0.877068519592285 20945bdf-83ce-4917-9789-5fe20f8f687e 00:32:49.750 --> 00:32:54.478 The root word for "evidence" is from the Latin. It means "obvious NOTE Confidence: 0.877068519592285 21c82d6c-1b96-480d-a66f-b6982a0aaefa 00:32:54.478 --> 00:32:55.660 to the eye." NOTE Confidence: 0.905456244945526 2e4117b7-aeda-4ea7-9ef0-5ad75fbf44b9 00:32:56.270 --> 00:33:00.437 If you can't see something, it's no longer evidence. NOTE Confidence: 0.860554575920105 5f8ad829-8303-4688-9d98-57338319ded0 00:33:02.790 --> 00:33:06.710 The second sentence works like the second quatrain in an English NOTE Confidence: 0.860554575920105 f4e43a53-9fd7-4b49-bb73-da0dec7cbc5b 00:33:06.710 --> 00:33:11.022 sonnet. Don't miss that second "not" hanging out there by itself, NOTE Confidence: 0.860554575920105 38b635a3-1ae2-42f8-af44-af2bc846f38b 00:33:11.022 --> 00:33:16.902 all obvious-like on the end of the line, taking the place of the NOTE Confidence: 0.860554575920105 fe042838-be21-459d-85a0-4cc9b8afb27a 00:33:16.902 --> 00:33:20.822 rhyming word we would expect, underscoring the fact that like NOTE Confidence: 0.860554575920105 d38500ed-4fd8-4289-92fb-f34d8806b38e 00:33:20.822 --> 00:33:24.742 everything that followed the "not" in the first sentence, the NOTE Confidence: 0.860554575920105 0083d35c-d00c-4cbf-a785-bacd305f86b2 00:33:24.742 --> 00:33:28.662 "evidence" in this sentence, too, is already negated, even before NOTE Confidence: 0.860554575920105 a7aa82b6-b819-46fb-b215-fbb427eb1f2e 00:33:28.662 --> 00:33:31.798 we've read on to learn what it is. NOTE Confidence: 0.902332246303558 a2a6619a-48b9-4669-8ed6-87f640e89b90 00:33:33.620 --> 00:33:37.975 If you view false teeth or legal papers on their own, NOTE Confidence: 0.902332246303558 85b98736-dd41-45d7-8930-141d50a82586 00:33:37.975 --> 00:33:41.325 you wouldn't necessarily know that they could be used as NOTE Confidence: 0.902332246303558 b214f4c8-34b6-48ed-9164-b769f608f691 00:33:41.325 --> 00:33:43.000 evidence in a murder trial. NOTE Confidence: 0.774708032608032 67fca5cb-ce2d-415d-b7e0-35c31805bf9a 00:33:43.980 --> 00:33:48.570 Like Nana Range's bonnet, they're just ordinary objects, and it's NOTE Confidence: 0.774708032608032 3582637c-7447-4791-9e48-f588760b53d7 00:33:48.570 --> 00:33:52.242 significant that the papers are "smeared" and "fading." NOTE Confidence: 0.843500256538391 847dfd41-72c2-4953-910f-f035fee04362 00:33:52.960 --> 00:33:58.852 Soon they will be illegible--the words as good as erased. NOTE Confidence: 0.881312310695648 5a712712-471c-446b-8da2-edf32c87f1f4 00:33:59.640 --> 00:34:06.270 Up to this point, we've seen physical markers and everyday NOTE Confidence: 0.881312310695648 5cdbdb0f-e02b-499b-b4ff-bf53aa7528be 00:34:06.270 --> 00:34:08.259 objects functioning as NOTE Confidence: 0.752820611000061 73298cf5-4d56-4c3f-8b2f-a497c7f2df27 00:34:08.259 --> 00:34:12.734 monuments. They remind Trethewey of her mother's abuse. NOTE Confidence: 0.834839403629303 c38492e5-61f5-4f3a-9c92-70c2082154ef 00:34:13.590 --> 00:34:16.029 Monuments are everywhere. NOTE Confidence: 0.856461048126221 7db185cc-3c64-4146-a769-32d5f4bc6b16 00:34:18.160 --> 00:34:21.760 We don't get a more traditional monument until the third NOTE Confidence: 0.856461048126221 157b342e-f425-49be-ae0a-45345d3dda63 00:34:21.760 --> 00:34:25.360 sentence, which works like the third quatrain in an English NOTE Confidence: 0.872663199901581 95379f9c-0525-4c65-aeaa-38e3674c87f8 00:34:25.360 --> 00:34:30.236 sonnet. It's truncated, though: as you can see, it's only a line NOTE Confidence: 0.872663199901581 d28d2b8c-d715-4a8a-9e2f-e96c5382f440 00:34:30.236 --> 00:34:33.696 and a half. It doesn't get the space it's supposed to. NOTE Confidence: 0.824707925319672 e13b840d-e40b-4907-8775-021928b532bc 00:34:35.200 --> 00:34:39.248 Trethewey gives the smallest space in the poem to the tiny NOTE Confidence: 0.824707925319672 6add708c-027c-4880-9b06-1ec3953a80fe 00:34:39.248 --> 00:34:42.560 marker with her mother's name, perhaps because this grave NOTE Confidence: 0.824707925319672 349ebd56-eef7-4671-bed6-173711004a0b 00:34:42.560 --> 00:34:46.608 marker tells us even less than the false teeth, or the NOTE Confidence: 0.824707925319672 065ea17f-b298-4a63-98bc-ff2795f6f442 00:34:46.608 --> 00:34:48.080 covered-up bruises do. NOTE Confidence: 0.904665172100067 8571a7bb-3f75-4f0b-b2c6-5e3cebe30f64 00:34:49.180 --> 00:34:52.870 The mother's name and her birth and death dates are NOTE Confidence: 0.904665172100067 3b342ab3-0f6d-4c5d-983e-5634a57e4953 00:34:52.870 --> 00:34:53.608 not evidence: NOTE Confidence: 0.940528869628906 501041c2-0ded-4267-a433-21e083050f09 00:34:54.720 --> 00:34:57.078 they don't tell how she died. NOTE Confidence: 0.882730960845947 8f117e98-a087-4ed9-a78d-6fdbc4339447 00:34:57.830 --> 00:35:04.406 They only make her into another name. another set of dates on NOTE Confidence: 0.882730960845947 809b3331-a071-43c4-88bb-a42d921d9537 00:35:04.406 --> 00:35:06.050 stone, "abstract as history." NOTE Confidence: 0.896165788173676 c54b4c09-c9a5-4bc6-8ecf-b44b58052b78 00:35:08.390 --> 00:35:14.942 The word "only"--in blue--is a shift, and it marks the poem's NOTE Confidence: 0.896165788173676 b0485c6b-a28a-47a2-a0dc-23469f2a0d52 00:35:14.942 --> 00:35:16.958 turn into its resolution. NOTE Confidence: 0.87281596660614 ec7b655d-d4a7-48f5-9ab7-0afe6beae43a 00:35:18.000 --> 00:35:22.620 Note that the resolution is three lines long instead of the two- NOTE Confidence: 0.87281596660614 99686ed3-f636-4b7e-9ef9-4c183ad349f2 00:35:22.620 --> 00:35:24.160 line couplet we expect. NOTE Confidence: 0.875490784645081 1eea5c79-e4ed-4169-9eb0-b5df0208f571 00:35:25.070 --> 00:35:29.280 The extra line slows the resolution down, as if the NOTE Confidence: 0.875490784645081 c9e54c3d-0860-4dcc-948d-c353a0c8f9b8 00:35:29.280 --> 00:35:33.069 speaker is reluctant to really say what evidence is. NOTE Confidence: 0.882418811321259 364cb4c8-4989-4b02-a6e5-b60bf4edb71e 00:35:34.540 --> 00:35:39.402 It's the only piece of evidence that is undeniable in a court of NOTE Confidence: 0.882418811321259 e7391a28-ee6b-48e6-bd9a-9ae27ceb4f39 00:35:39.402 --> 00:35:40.898 law: a dead body. NOTE Confidence: 0.714344680309296 0f3587ce-fcde-43fa-b2e6-2e413e069f6c 00:35:42.150 --> 00:35:44.825 Monuments conceal as much as NOTE Confidence: 0.832604169845581 0e8d721a-735a-42a6-bc26-b0a7f5955180 00:35:44.825 --> 00:35:51.067 they reveal. The false teeth, the papers, the "tiny marker"--all NOTE Confidence: 0.832604169845581 ebf8b6ac-317e-452b-b53b-95fc4abea4ca 00:35:51.067 --> 00:35:55.797 conceal the truth about the mother's living, abused, and finally NOTE Confidence: 0.917363405227661 f88ccaef-4cf6-483f-ade0-6b141ddaa60c 00:35:55.797 --> 00:36:01.210 dead body. Her body, however, is the only thing that tells the NOTE Confidence: 0.865748345851898 5d16463e-9fcd-4946-b197-dcca14f4c326 00:36:01.210 --> 00:36:05.848 undeniable truth. Murder has erased her body, and NOTE Confidence: 0.865748345851898 cdd840f5-7cbc-4f7a-a27a-0f9d92954e5c 00:36:05.848 --> 00:36:09.544 monuments, while they are reminders, aren't good NOTE Confidence: 0.865748345851898 ea889526-c246-4ab3-bf82-477db1ed0a82 00:36:09.544 --> 00:36:11.656 enough. They aren't evidence. NOTE Confidence: 0.855124890804291 57e5c614-f028-4285-9380-ed06a1bab372 00:36:13.530 --> 00:36:17.677 That's why this poem can't fit nicely together--why its parts NOTE Confidence: 0.855124890804291 13ec2414-6ba8-43f2-b817-f1ca25118852 00:36:17.677 --> 00:36:20.693 are even more asymmetrical then we would expect. NOTE Confidence: 0.83663809299469 51e7d422-25f5-42fa-82de-4d1b1c9aff84 00:36:21.270 --> 00:36:26.649 The form can't and shouldn't work as it's supposed to, because NOTE Confidence: 0.83663809299469 0345f968-4cf9-4be3-b2d0-048657cbc816 00:36:26.649 --> 00:36:30.561 the resolution isn't neat, nor is it satisfying. NOTE Confidence: 0.903178095817566 04af0212-54e4-47f7-a987-abbf9cac2eef 00:36:31.700 --> 00:36:36.170 Ultimately, this poem creates an argument about what a monument NOTE Confidence: 0.903178095817566 aaeaa897-1c19-4e7e-a524-a19645ecc701 00:36:36.170 --> 00:36:39.299 is not--about what it can't do. NOTE Confidence: 0.874169409275055 5f50abfe-8e17-4654-baca-df74ace86d2c 00:36:41.390 --> 00:36:45.286 Given those limitations, then, what good are monuments? NOTE Confidence: 0.827494025230408 11fb33af-d8ce-4ad1-8104-e474864ce59e 00:36:48.730 --> 00:36:53.210 In Part II of the book, Trethewey will use the sonnet to explore NOTE Confidence: 0.827494025230408 37cdcde9-df29-45f5-89f7-68e1c32d015e 00:36:53.210 --> 00:36:54.810 the idea of monuments again. NOTE Confidence: 0.828353226184845 2779dfd1-cc53-4a85-b0ad-94a3c8c37c8f 00:36:56.320 --> 00:37:01.546 The poem "Native Guard," the title poem of the book, and also the NOTE Confidence: 0.828353226184845 29f19751-1cd5-4d9d-a9f1-f2eb4192b967 00:37:01.546 --> 00:37:06.370 longest poem in the book, is a crown of ten unrhymed sonnets. NOTE Confidence: 0.896281242370605 54172905-8f41-4bbc-8f25-af7df383a8a1 00:37:07.730 --> 00:37:12.038 This is not the kind of crown that I am talking about. NOTE Confidence: 0.736880898475647 1508576a-2320-4dce-b6b2-81277316cdd3 00:37:15.140 --> 00:37:21.422 As Trethewey exploited the sonnet's asymmetry in "What is NOTE Confidence: 0.736880898475647 9c73527c-2dac-44a0-8937-ec9d6a06b697 00:37:21.422 --> 00:37:27.006 Evidence," here Trethewey plays with the sonnet's limitation. NOTE Confidence: 0.855940818786621 8f1528f0-efb8-489b-891b-c84578efb09c 00:37:28.100 --> 00:37:33.844 In a crown of sonnets, you have not one sonnet on its own, but a NOTE Confidence: 0.855940818786621 da754836-b005-483f-9a93-5a3855786c56 00:37:33.844 --> 00:37:38.152 bunch of sonnets, which must be about a single subject and must NOTE Confidence: 0.855940818786621 758298d5-ebe5-48ec-ac54-c49f9c5bd37c 00:37:38.152 --> 00:37:42.460 be read in order. The crown of sonnets is linked together by NOTE Confidence: 0.850314617156982 99acff82-2015-43ef-b294-09597d3752cd 00:37:42.460 --> 00:37:47.040 repeating lines. As I'm sure you've noticed, the last line of NOTE Confidence: 0.850314617156982 24a3fdc9-6b8d-4546-93ad-fa0d05b30986 00:37:47.040 --> 00:37:50.890 each sonnet in "Native Guard" becomes the first line of the NOTE Confidence: 0.842057645320892 4667f61c-eb1b-4fbb-b404-be46b7547a5f 00:37:50.890 --> 00:37:55.461 next sonnet. The first line of the first sonnet becomes the NOTE Confidence: 0.842057645320892 b091f144-d383-4082-bce2-a9f95a12fd07 00:37:55.461 --> 00:37:57.555 last line of the last sonnet. NOTE Confidence: 0.820717930793762 016a8e3f-90e1-4461-a7e3-4e5d742976be 00:37:58.220 --> 00:38:02.720 By writing a crown of sonnets with required  NOTE Confidence: 0.820717930793762 01f92a19-a85d-4d71-b079-d621ee2a9027 00:38:02.720 --> 00:38:06.320 repetitions in particular places, Threthewey certainly NOTE Confidence: 0.820717930793762 6fb6cdd1-4101-4c20-b812-ec3f74ebe4e1 00:38:06.320 --> 00:38:11.720 limits what she can say, even more than when she's writing a NOTE Confidence: 0.820717930793762 48210b25-be38-4b87-9194-de270173ef27 00:38:11.720 --> 00:38:12.620 single sonnet. NOTE Confidence: 0.858742892742157 7e367cbf-ca93-411b-add9-6bdca8b96aff 00:38:14.130 --> 00:38:19.080 Repetition is key in the crown. There's a circularity in these NOTE Confidence: 0.858742892742157 90dcc177-264c-4d74-9dd9-4871d3214f89 00:38:19.080 --> 00:38:21.330 repetitions that you just can't NOTE Confidence: 0.810306549072266 6bb17576-6b49-46c9-bc6b-4e27c75ba2ac 00:38:21.330 --> 00:38:26.600 ignore. The repetition the form requires is crucial to the sonnet NOTE Confidence: 0.810306549072266 d4761883-6f2b-4810-aeee-7da18b5cda7e 00:38:26.600 --> 00:38:29.540 crown's meaning. Trethewey herself says so: NOTE Confidence: 0.849660694599152 aebce781-74ef-4a1e-943f-dcc0ddeab634 00:38:31.540 --> 00:38:36.571 "What I was trying to do was to reinscribe what had been NOTE Confidence: 0.849660694599152 fa93d3a7-1769-4482-bbc7-11806b26270a 00:38:36.571 --> 00:38:38.506 erased, what was lost or NOTE Confidence: 0.912496447563171 bc059fba-3531-42d7-9026-27e6d94008ff 00:38:38.506 --> 00:38:43.876 forgotten--it was not necessary just to say a thing, but also to NOTE Confidence: 0.912496447563171 63ac637a-f0bd-437e-b66f-33c314033297 00:38:43.876 --> 00:38:44.935 say it again." NOTE Confidence: 0.909269094467163 ca6820f1-c9cd-4122-ba6a-b2a0b89e8802 00:38:46.510 --> 00:38:49.486 Yet she doesn't say it again. NOTE Confidence: 0.916805922985077 678ec18f-c301-4c13-bc9d-b7f0f86ecd13 00:38:50.020 --> 00:38:51.550 Not exactly. NOTE Confidence: 0.878989219665527 2fabad8d-018d-4f57-b0d1-515bb9a982f0 00:38:53.040 --> 00:38:58.070 Only one of the required repeated ten lines is actually NOTE Confidence: 0.878989219665527 0c84cece-855f-4dc9-a583-b6a0ab6880e2 00:38:58.070 --> 00:39:01.591 repeated verbatim. Some lines are changed pretty NOTE Confidence: 0.864249229431152 633c5129-cf26-4aed-a48d-5637db94bd57 00:39:01.591 --> 00:39:06.462 significantly. If the whole point of writing a crown is NOTE Confidence: 0.864249229431152 80ad499f-27d3-48eb-b75a-9efcd9ef028b 00:39:06.462 --> 00:39:10.134 continuity, then why does Trethewey invoke it only to NOTE Confidence: 0.864249229431152 5f720d16-0d72-477c-b224-5ae0e65342ce 00:39:10.134 --> 00:39:12.174 undermine it by not following NOTE Confidence: 0.867947101593018 5ca202b3-17fa-4645-a58f-6c267f6071e9 00:39:12.174 --> 00:39:17.827 the rules? Put another way, if she wants "to say a thing again," NOTE Confidence: 0.867947101593018 fbbf8a72-8d0d-49b3-bad0-f011170d8f78 00:39:17.827 --> 00:39:20.029 then why does she change it? NOTE Confidence: 0.833035409450531 1bc86232-5512-401a-9dd4-ea37b80600a7 00:39:22.390 --> 00:39:25.549 To understand why Trethewey is doing what she's doing, NOTE Confidence: 0.833035409450531 66201855-022d-48dc-bb45-0d685b6aa770 00:39:25.549 --> 00:39:29.059 we again have to consider what the poem's problem is NOTE Confidence: 0.833035409450531 416bf018-3ec4-43c1-90ba-9745846cc35b 00:39:29.059 --> 00:39:30.814 and what its resolution is. NOTE Confidence: 0.845139741897583 f187e818-4111-4540-9f53-b17a0dd60214 00:39:32.360 --> 00:39:36.836 Throughout these ten sonnets, we'll see the speaker of the poem,  NOTE Confidence: 0.845139741897583 89cadc72-ced8-48ca-bee8-13fc4582d927 00:39:36.836 --> 00:39:41.312 a former slave who is now a free Union soldier with the NOTE Confidence: 0.845139741897583 96efa513-b516-4521-b514-1bd0952f6d25 00:39:41.312 --> 00:39:44.296 Louisiana Native Guards, working through the problem identified NOTE Confidence: 0.845139741897583 3ce36352-b875-4624-9431-ea0b4e62d248 00:39:44.296 --> 00:39:48.026 in the poem's epigraph from Frederick Douglass: "If this war NOTE Confidence: 0.845139741897583 9888ba02-0e31-41e3-9415-a6e5124fe348 00:39:48.026 --> 00:39:53.248 is to be forgotten, I ask in the name of all things sacred what NOTE Confidence: 0.845139741897583 719b2ba1-1b51-4160-af7b-9d51558497a0 00:39:53.248 --> 00:39:54.367 shall men remember?" NOTE Confidence: 0.885194540023804 b52a1998-11fb-4354-9513-67ae2cd27606 00:39:55.580 --> 00:39:59.397 In other words, although it seems unlikely, the events of the NOTE Confidence: 0.885194540023804 f5e0702f-3629-4adf-803b-021e5d308977 00:39:59.397 --> 00:40:01.132 Civil War might be forgotten. NOTE Confidence: 0.880766570568085 3a605b09-e935-41c4-923a-a58093e89765 00:40:01.820 --> 00:40:06.077 Particularly--the deeds of the Native Guards might be NOTE Confidence: 0.880766570568085 f8e862d5-512f-4a09-acdb-1a6dffa0647e 00:40:06.077 --> 00:40:06.550 forgotten. NOTE Confidence: 0.848561346530914 281e5c8e-2a53-4bc7-b25c-30813c264d1e 00:40:08.150 --> 00:40:12.698 There's so much to say about the sonnets in this sequence, but NOTE Confidence: 0.848561346530914 f22a8df7-01fc-42e3-a22d-e957da41e155 00:40:12.698 --> 00:40:17.625 for the sake of time, we'll focus on how Trethewey uses the added NOTE Confidence: 0.848561346530914 86ed44d6-0f8f-4464-b5b4-45b0d899017f 00:40:17.625 --> 00:40:20.657 limitation of the sonnet crown's required repeating lines. NOTE Confidence: 0.836453080177307 ec035545-e566-474b-8e87-e59cf467415e 00:40:21.450 --> 00:40:26.178 We'll look at the first and last sonnet in the sequence--and NOTE Confidence: 0.836453080177307 f884ad0b-e39a-4994-8ce7-3cda72add475 00:40:26.178 --> 00:40:31.300 glance briefly at the seventh and eighth--to see how Trethewey sets up NOTE Confidence: 0.836453080177307 96b18bca-fb1a-459e-b17c-af16c779dd24 00:40:31.300 --> 00:40:35.240 and then eventually resolves the problem of this sonnet sequence: NOTE Confidence: 0.928647637367249 1d0b0eba-bcc5-47ec-9c24-5cdf4cc76bff 00:40:35.920 --> 00:40:39.696 Can we trust ourselves to remember our history? NOTE Confidence: 0.790612876415253 ae774ad5-45cd-4c3a-bd08-1b6dff2db527 00:40:41.200 --> 00:40:47.679 We'll now have seniors Hyland Flores and Ryn Hintz read four NOTE Confidence: 0.790612876415253 995813c3-7183-49ea-8e6f-d4d4ba0301e0 00:40:47.679 --> 00:40:50.035 sections from "Native Guard." NOTE Confidence: 0.852747797966003 938c3a2e-0183-4cef-a76a-be17efcd7516 00:40:50.570 --> 00:40:54.926 Hyland will start us off by reading "November 1862." NOTE Confidence: 0.820523142814636 5c445c68-4736-4a15-abf3-01fe338f5c7b 00:40:55.550 --> 00:41:01.790 And then Ryn will read "April 1863" and "June 1863" back to back. NOTE Confidence: 0.831227898597717 e713848a-0d3c-4cc3-9942-8895c1ba5ede 00:41:02.340 --> 00:41:07.620 Hyland will then come back to read the final sonnet, "1865." NOTE Confidence: 0.862903535366058 26dc459a-4708-4f41-ad77-2d976e84566a 00:41:10.570 --> 00:41:16.310 "Native Guard." "If this war is to be forgotten, I ask in the name of NOTE Confidence: 0.862903535366058 417e0555-422d-447e-97cc-79297311bf2e 00:41:16.310 --> 00:41:19.590 all things sacred what shall men remember? Frederick NOTE Confidence: 0.911396682262421 964b61c5-9422-43e6-beb8-e6a69cf55da3 00:41:19.590 --> 00:41:23.040 Douglass, 1871."  "November 1862. NOTE Confidence: 0.845089673995972 11edb640-7923-46eb-9d49-8839c85ca6f4 00:41:23.680 --> 00:41:28.568 Truth be told, I do not want to forget anything of my former NOTE Confidence: 0.845089673995972 1f0e9b79-e782-45df-a232-fa1a539c1e11 00:41:28.568 --> 00:41:32.328 life: the landscape's song of bondage--dirge in the river's NOTE Confidence: 0.845089673995972 a36d27b6-0b48-433d-aa83-1051a873880b 00:41:32.328 --> 00:41:36.840 throat where it churns into the Gulf, wind in the trees choked NOTE Confidence: 0.845089673995972 cf955c69-a1f9-4470-af6a-c7ccf6abed24 00:41:36.840 --> 00:41:41.728 with vines. I thought to carry with me want of freedom though I NOTE Confidence: 0.845089673995972 108a9156-1b05-48a7-a08a-f9bdb09f3d36 00:41:41.728 --> 00:41:45.488 had been freed, remembrance not constant recollection. Yes: I was NOTE Confidence: 0.845089673995972 a3d88ae9-ce10-45e5-a403-57b4194d5131 00:41:45.488 --> 00:41:50.000 born a slave, at harvest time, in the Parish of Ascension; I've NOTE Confidence: 0.845089673995972 da8b9be5-89ba-46ea-bcbf-fb3b5ac2f3f0 00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:54.136 reached thirty-three with history of one  younger inscribed upon my NOTE Confidence: 0.770280241966248 504dfe77-ccda-4c49-98a3-e7698b9ad981 00:41:54.136 --> 00:41:59.000 back. I now use ink to keep record, a closed book, not the NOTE Confidence: 0.770280241966248 bcf4a4c1-acd4-4df6-890d-86e32168e7d1 00:41:59.000 --> 00:42:00.480 lure of memory--flawed, NOTE Confidence: 0.775032579898834 9b4993ca-f2aa-49ce-977b-77f6cdd73bc2 00:42:00.480 --> 00:42:04.265 changeful--that dulls the lash for the master, NOTE Confidence: 0.775032579898834 89421285-4ca4-4094-95f2-7342570960cd 00:42:04.265 --> 00:42:06.140 sharpens it for the slave." NOTE Confidence: 0.885743975639343 1eb1b37e-4095-45a2-a782-c660106599d3 00:42:07.790 --> 00:42:10.040 "April 1863. NOTE Confidence: 0.779916286468506 1efb2538-e396-4e9a-b7c3-fbbcf71a7003 00:42:11.230 --> 00:42:15.142 When men die, we eat their share of hardtack trying not to NOTE Confidence: 0.779916286468506 51c64b51-8844-475a-a2e1-c219fc230886 00:42:15.142 --> 00:42:16.446 recall their hollow sockets, NOTE Confidence: 0.774647235870361 450b84e9-2e99-41d8-a83a-72c1fbb4f0ad 00:42:17.050 --> 00:42:19.006 the worm-stitch of their cheeks. NOTE Confidence: 0.830833554267883 f3ec7b83-1dc9-4bff-af47-6236679c1861 00:42:19.940 --> 00:42:23.516 Today we buried the last of our dead from Pascagoula, and those NOTE Confidence: 0.830833554267883 8d17d344-28db-4767-b612-3bbf366e8e19 00:42:23.516 --> 00:42:25.006 who died retreating to our ship-- NOTE Confidence: 0.783968448638916 a7c6f1fb-6907-42ec-98aa-0fc69c645366 00:42:25.540 --> 00:42:29.245 white sailors in blue firing upon us as if we were the enemy. NOTE Confidence: 0.783968448638916 6aecdd21-1e98-49ec-8569-5298ef1fdc64 00:42:29.245 --> 00:42:32.380 I'd thought the fighting over, then watched a man fall beside NOTE Confidence: 0.783968448638916 72aa8ac8-a500-41e5-a038-769798d14175 00:42:32.380 --> 00:42:34.090 me, knees-first as in prayer, NOTE Confidence: 0.866672396659851 6e0170a8-d84e-4293-9f96-c97ff085f911 00:42:34.680 --> 00:42:37.053 then another, his arms outstretched, as if NOTE Confidence: 0.866672396659851 9386e394-2bf7-4ec9-b4d9-37573ae20194 00:42:37.053 --> 00:42:38.409 borne upon the cross. NOTE Confidence: 0.786466479301453 f5f2801e-b78e-4cf4-99d7-452fd288c165 00:42:39.490 --> 00:42:43.527 Smoke that rose from each gun seemed a soul departing. The NOTE Confidence: 0.786466479301453 e2a5e387-d8db-480a-aadb-ba9f239dd548 00:42:43.527 --> 00:42:47.197 Colonel said: an unfortunate incident; said: their names shall deck the NOTE Confidence: 0.786466479301453 beb34310-feac-4e7c-93e1-d1ee21319f63 00:42:47.197 --> 00:42:48.298 page of history." NOTE Confidence: 0.879694998264313 0e43a24d-204d-47c3-aa66-99e0b8cdf054 00:42:51.800 --> 00:42:53.430 "June 1863. NOTE Confidence: 0.82295835018158 302c8861-8ed2-48ba-ba46-1fd572b4d144 00:42:54.510 --> 00:42:58.241 Some names shall deck the page of history as it is written on NOTE Confidence: 0.82295835018158 f39dbe02-2281-4265-bd53-35d368d61c7f 00:42:58.241 --> 00:42:59.389 stone. Some will not. NOTE Confidence: 0.818292915821075 75dbcdc3-34e5-465d-b039-4a3c69e8487b 00:43:00.170 --> 00:43:03.130 Yesterday, word came of colored troops,  dead on the battlefield NOTE Confidence: 0.818292915821075 b502917f-aaa9-4a55-8f7b-2195796d12dd 00:43:03.130 --> 00:43:06.978 at Port Hudson; how General Banks was heard to say I have no NOTE Confidence: 0.759731233119965 e65d7302-163e-4280-8d5d-f0f392848aad 00:43:06.978 --> 00:43:09.870 dead there, and left them, unclaimed. NOTE Confidence: 0.829346001148224 7b3bc81f-6a7e-496d-94c0-6022073f6e75 00:43:10.910 --> 00:43:15.134 Last night, I dreamt their eyes still open--dim, clouded as the NOTE Confidence: 0.829346001148224 fd4d4c66-678b-47d0-9671-9d2095cffc08 00:43:15.134 --> 00:43:17.246 eyes of fish washed ashore, yet NOTE Confidence: 0.84330803155899 2292fd55-c967-451d-aa1d-25fc209d28c4 00:43:17.246 --> 00:43:19.350 fixed--staring back at me. NOTE Confidence: 0.775346577167511 20a59989-2fc3-4d4a-9aa0-4eec8c78171e 00:43:20.010 --> 00:43:24.390 Still, more come today eager to enlist. Their bodies--haggard NOTE Confidence: 0.775346577167511 86604313-517c-4afa-800b-777e30af1a9d 00:43:24.390 --> 00:43:28.770 faces, gaunt limbs--bring news of the mainland. Starved, they NOTE Confidence: 0.775346577167511 57d4c44c-8875-4f51-a93c-a4045d154fd1 00:43:28.770 --> 00:43:30.522 suffer like our prisoners. NOTE Confidence: 0.800628542900085 5738d031-eba6-4d54-ab49-0ec3cf0e64f7 00:43:31.090 --> 00:43:33.029 Dying, they plead for what we do not NOTE Confidence: 0.739223957061768 c6c00419-5be3-483a-aa6a-88963f3cbe1c 00:43:33.029 --> 00:43:37.356 have to give. Death makes equals of us all: a fair master." NOTE Confidence: 0.887364387512207 ad96f3d0-6deb-406f-9a33-d48d4e46a22a 00:43:40.750 --> 00:43:45.250 "1865. These are things which must be accounted for: NOTE Confidence: 0.718372941017151 f9921531-9333-435f-acf7-3356476f0134 00:43:45.750 --> 00:43:50.060 slaughter under the white flag of surrender--black massacre at NOTE Confidence: 0.718372941017151 9bd229d2-5194-4c5a-8214-e88dfd5c7d81 00:43:50.060 --> 00:43:54.801 Fort Pillow; our new name, the Corps d'Afrique--words that take NOTE Confidence: 0.718372941017151 53d6df80-0a54-473a-bc09-99e258e709b4 00:43:54.801 --> 00:43:58.249 the native from our claim; mossbacks and freedmen-- NOTE Confidence: 0.780665576457977 8105d526-5a0e-4361-b863-225569f77b4a 00:43:59.070 --> 00:44:03.900 exiles in their own homeland; the diseased, the maimed, every NOTE Confidence: 0.780665576457977 b6b03c59-99b3-430d-918f-d1c75166e1e4 00:44:03.900 --> 00:44:08.247 lost limb, and what remains: phantom ache, memory haunting an NOTE Confidence: 0.780665576457977 88dd2b43-7715-4b8d-9059-8eb389b1642b 00:44:08.247 --> 00:44:13.077 empty sleeve; the hog-eaten at Gettysburg, unmarked in their NOTE Confidence: 0.780665576457977 d28672ba-5edd-4896-9512-070e29209173 00:44:13.077 --> 00:44:17.424 graves; all the dead letters, unanswered; untold stories of NOTE Confidence: 0.780665576457977 03a8d427-47b6-48bb-ad87-cb845795a0d1 00:44:17.424 --> 00:44:19.839 those that time will render NOTE Confidence: 0.756211161613464 9e54a83d-3ee7-4b40-b647-1d057fbf94cd 00:44:19.839 --> 00:44:25.196 mute. Beneath battlefields, green again, the dead molder--a NOTE Confidence: 0.756211161613464 ac74cf03-d98f-477c-9752-6faad1d2261f 00:44:25.196 --> 00:44:30.466 scaffolding of bone we tread upon, forgetting.  Truth be told." NOTE Confidence: 0.869098603725433 616ee8b2-d23f-435c-a77d-ced6d92f9a07 00:44:32.970 --> 00:44:34.848 "Truth be told, NOTE Confidence: 0.912737011909485 b9194050-b964-4baa-9162-82be39367076 00:44:35.450 --> 00:44:38.306 I do not want to forget," the NOTE Confidence: 0.93464070558548 766ad009-a76d-4623-89d5-f76773000fd5 00:44:38.306 --> 00:44:43.978 speaker begins. This first word, "truth," is important. NOTE Confidence: 0.796760439872742 73bdadfc-2b23-4a21-a11c-c08ee1a2b813 00:44:44.540 --> 00:44:49.628 Trethewey wants us to understand that our speaker has a desire to NOTE Confidence: 0.796760439872742 90a95447-eb29-4167-bc4e-e20535594713 00:44:49.628 --> 00:44:51.748 be true to his experience. NOTE Confidence: 0.879071474075317 1b4febeb-f8cc-4591-b5a9-cb887e7c6d04 00:44:52.370 --> 00:44:54.752 He's writing a diary, he's not NOTE Confidence: 0.870131850242615 cdb7f134-9028-468d-a08a-faecd8eb46a2 00:44:54.752 --> 00:44:58.882 writing fiction. For the speaker, the truth is that he NOTE Confidence: 0.870131850242615 ca1c8f0b-507e-448b-be02-b5464428ac8a 00:44:58.882 --> 00:45:03.558 does not want to forget being a slave, does not want to erase his NOTE Confidence: 0.870131850242615 194c8ad1-2943-4032-a7a4-95864d0ca1a9 00:45:03.558 --> 00:45:05.896 traumatic history, even though now he is free. NOTE Confidence: 0.911460041999817 c824a849-2aae-4368-96bf-8db6343e3526 00:45:07.530 --> 00:45:09.220 But how will he remember? NOTE Confidence: 0.82954204082489 e9570046-fbca-40bb-bb87-bddbc30bb670 00:45:10.470 --> 00:45:16.986 He doesn't trust the "lure of memory." As he says, memory is NOTE Confidence: 0.82954204082489 e36fea2f-5a6c-4ccb-838e-1432725f0429 00:45:16.986 --> 00:45:18.615 "flawed" and "changeful." NOTE Confidence: 0.883017361164093 4047df63-558b-4415-80f0-b561c71b154c 00:45:19.850 --> 00:45:23.128 I'm sure you've all had the experience of talking to a NOTE Confidence: 0.883017361164093 307d87a0-d39c-4e64-8a41-b8e0e8039889 00:45:23.128 --> 00:45:26.704 friend or family member. So, I'll say to my sister, "Hey, do NOTE Confidence: 0.883017361164093 05070731-b66a-4c95-8700-e84380625cca 00:45:26.704 --> 00:45:30.280 you remember that time?" And then I'll tell some family story. And NOTE Confidence: 0.883017361164093 8ef48eea-b8a4-4c16-a922-7e414b411e30 00:45:30.280 --> 00:45:33.856 she'll say, "Oh no, it didn't happen like that at all. It NOTE Confidence: 0.883017361164093 41528b7f-6255-4d32-a179-aa05628012d5 00:45:33.856 --> 00:45:37.134 happened like this." Then she tells her version of the story. NOTE Confidence: 0.883017361164093 f9cf5824-33f5-47bb-8a7f-3117ab092209 00:45:37.134 --> 00:45:40.114 She remembers something else, and we're both adamant that our NOTE Confidence: 0.883017361164093 dd3470db-7f7a-45a7-abdf-601687388a01 00:45:40.114 --> 00:45:41.604 version is the correct one. NOTE Confidence: 0.944215834140778 2fdec116-edc6-48d1-9166-d8178d3c2dc5 00:45:42.950 --> 00:45:45.400 How do we know who is right? NOTE Confidence: 0.928909778594971 42415604-d6f8-4806-9d42-d0af4102a1b5 00:45:46.920 --> 00:45:50.480 Can we trust ourselves to remember our history, NOTE Confidence: 0.933226346969604 a5957ed1-d81d-4a4b-ba36-5be76f4a0d91 00:45:51.100 --> 00:45:53.206 or do we need a monument? NOTE Confidence: 0.833774507045746 c99ce600-a642-40b7-86f1-c96dd8552fa7 00:45:54.870 --> 00:45:59.750 The poem moves, as if moving through three quatrains, through NOTE Confidence: 0.833774507045746 5530a5fe-15fc-45c4-b142-de764fce2465 00:45:59.750 --> 00:46:04.630 three of the speaker's memories--of his former home's landscape; NOTE Confidence: 0.833774507045746 13729c93-642d-45e5-95bd-1070b77b8eac 00:46:04.630 --> 00:46:10.486 of his birth into slavery; and of the scars slavery has inscribed NOTE Confidence: 0.833774507045746 873bb381-d8c8-453f-aade-3c0a866194d9 00:46:10.486 --> 00:46:11.950 on his body. NOTE Confidence: 0.897473812103271 20abd896-a42f-4a78-927c-8b1624df1500 00:46:13.200 --> 00:46:16.242 But although it seems impossible he would forget any NOTE Confidence: 0.897473812103271 c610e1de-2c1a-4a26-ab3d-7c0591ac4e13 00:46:16.242 --> 00:46:19.284 of this, he doesn't trust himself to remember these NOTE Confidence: 0.876598536968231 6ed7ca79-c181-4d5c-a62f-d452c1d1052a 00:46:19.284 --> 00:46:24.270 things. We learn this when the sonnet reaches its "turn," and the NOTE Confidence: 0.876598536968231 094ca9ee-764a-4666-8586-6e3e7771a674 00:46:24.270 --> 00:46:26.310 speaker tells us how he will NOTE Confidence: 0.84870433807373 07199305-2310-483f-8637-57ec872cba2d 00:46:26.310 --> 00:46:30.154 remember: "I now use ink to keep record." NOTE Confidence: 0.860438048839569 43743657-caf0-41ab-9940-befd22f4b101 00:46:31.730 --> 00:46:35.980 Rather than trusting his memory, the speaker is creating a NOTE Confidence: 0.860438048839569 715da9a8-e929-40c4-b40f-f77207ea4e23 00:46:35.980 --> 00:46:38.105 monument to his experience in NOTE Confidence: 0.888017058372498 111da8bb-fb5e-4b0a-86eb-4963ffcd9c20 00:46:38.105 --> 00:46:43.070 ink. In this poem, the diary is the monument that is NOTE Confidence: 0.888017058372498 7a998727-a6de-4e35-b8ed-0774fa2e5f0b 00:46:43.070 --> 00:46:45.966 meant to help the speaker remember the war. NOTE Confidence: 0.83971631526947 9789c041-d314-4631-8a4f-8f9ab21b0e8c 00:46:47.790 --> 00:46:51.804 As subsequent sonnets move through three years of history NOTE Confidence: 0.83971631526947 92f28d55-9f8c-4578-a9d6-cca21acef49b 00:46:51.804 --> 00:46:55.818 and the speaker's wartime experience, we can see the NOTE Confidence: 0.83971631526947 a1ae6945-b775-48e4-86f8-55e10c6e4c7b 00:46:55.818 --> 00:46:59.386 connections between sonnets that the repeating lines create. NOTE Confidence: 0.858807146549225 f1ed147a-9d1d-4d91-9080-644ac85c5d79 00:47:02.300 --> 00:47:08.740 Look just briefly at the end of "April 1863" and the start of "June NOTE Confidence: 0.858807146549225 7ed26f87-fb8c-4049-ab19-542db6ea4d06 00:47:08.740 --> 00:47:12.880 1863." Look at how Trethewey uses the sonnet NOTE Confidence: 0.858807146549225 12bd4948-2391-43cd-b83c-ea6c183e3a53 00:47:12.880 --> 00:47:14.260 cycle's repetition here. NOTE Confidence: 0.866538941860199 1bf18ef9-880c-4044-aeb3-1beb14c505f8 00:47:15.070 --> 00:47:21.846 Speaking of members of the Native Guards shot down by white NOTE Confidence: 0.813064396381378 6b8d8b41-0e6d-4513-af16-ec47c639bae3 00:47:21.846 --> 00:47:27.277 Union soldiers, by white Union sailors, "as if [they] were the NOTE Confidence: 0.813064396381378 551d6ee5-e621-498a-8425-726117b3c07f 00:47:27.277 --> 00:47:31.600 enemy," Colonel Nathan W. Daniels, the real-life commander of the NOTE Confidence: 0.813064396381378 b48d5890-458e-400c-8680-dc9d2ed29c08 00:47:31.600 --> 00:47:35.530 Native Guards, says, in the italicized last line, "their names NOTE Confidence: 0.813064396381378 2d8b08c6-2c41-40dc-bc77-93ff8d7d9d07 00:47:35.530 --> 00:47:37.888 shall deck the page of history." NOTE Confidence: 0.852641701698303 b1dd11e4-49c1-4d35-82ec-686b979acddf 00:47:39.560 --> 00:47:44.036 But in the next poem, the speaker of the poem says, "Some NOTE Confidence: 0.852641701698303 38c48b52-89c2-41ba-a14d-7f0ee722099b 00:47:44.036 --> 00:47:48.512 names shall deck the page of history as it is written on NOTE Confidence: 0.852641701698303 4059f405-7836-4d23-b6f4-9813504f621a 00:47:48.512 --> 00:47:50.004 stone. Some will not." NOTE Confidence: 0.844484627246857 db0b504d-6ef4-477c-bdc9-4df68f90f38a 00:47:51.580 --> 00:47:56.492 As the last line of one sonnet  NOTE Confidence: 0.844484627246857 1fae50bd-854a-439a-b469-57b0f590c3dd 00:47:56.492 --> 00:47:59.869 becomes the first line of the next, Trethewey takes Daniels's NOTE Confidence: 0.844484627246857 1642d165-8d4b-41b1-be32-bf2dc7dedd3f 00:47:59.869 --> 00:48:01.097 words and twists them. NOTE Confidence: 0.848294258117676 be411fd4-15ef-40f5-b83f-c8943205fd12 00:48:03.330 --> 00:48:07.299 Let's take a closer look. Clearly, Trethewey's change from NOTE Confidence: 0.848294258117676 229270ab-6892-47a4-9054-68785d816a01 00:48:07.299 --> 00:48:09.945 "their names" to only "some names" NOTE Confidence: 0.89313542842865 93d35967-61f9-4d3a-b8cc-a482250aeb78 00:48:09.945 --> 00:48:14.600 is important. I'd also like to call your attention to the line NOTE Confidence: 0.89313542842865 59dc5799-5cbb-4152-a7cf-13b297e108dd 00:48:14.600 --> 00:48:16.200 break, which is key here. NOTE Confidence: 0.832840859889984 f1107209-d667-40c8-a54c-a1a6e0981502 00:48:16.980 --> 00:48:20.228 In the previous poem, the statement, "Their names NOTE Confidence: 0.832840859889984 4a3adbfd-9676-4ae3-b5d5-9f2bfd0df94f 00:48:20.228 --> 00:48:23.882 shall deck the page of history" ends the poem. NOTE Confidence: 0.847913265228271 f3d5f28e-eeb8-4e6b-bcd4-f589e4878f1c 00:48:24.950 --> 00:48:31.160 Period. End of sonnet. Conclusive resolution. End of story. NOTE Confidence: 0.858069837093353 627c365c-f537-41fc-b89b-aab69dbbccbc 00:48:32.930 --> 00:48:38.232 Here, the repeated line keeps going: "Some names shall deck the NOTE Confidence: 0.858069837093353 34b05249-e0a6-405f-ab31-f42f2037ae21 00:48:38.232 --> 00:48:41.606 page of history as it is written NOTE Confidence: 0.90123975276947 62020d48-fd06-4baf-b5a4-e69adb406277 00:48:41.606 --> 00:48:44.949 on stone. Some will not." NOTE Confidence: 0.608294308185577 5c9532a6-d782-4e3e-a95f-c28d28c44f6a 00:48:45.670 --> 00:48:48.510 Trethewey extends the Colonel's NOTE Confidence: 0.822480916976929 a5e015c9-1451-47e7-b5cb-dc4e3ca2a196 00:48:48.510 --> 00:48:52.410 naive statement. The speaker adds a critique. NOTE Confidence: 0.895879745483398 569e505f-81ce-4c9b-85b2-4d7708c28532 00:48:53.370 --> 00:48:58.375 As if to say, "The Colonel's words aren't the whole story." NOTE Confidence: 0.854856133460999 fdac88a1-b3bc-43d1-80ec-8bbcdd09f983 00:48:58.900 --> 00:49:01.468 Some names. Not all. NOTE Confidence: 0.819444358348846 c76c63a5-306c-4d57-b50b-90a9ed6ba6b6 00:49:02.260 --> 00:49:05.396 Monuments conceal as much as they reveal. NOTE Confidence: 0.868776559829712 53351826-0c94-4038-806e-badfbdae2548 00:49:06.870 --> 00:49:09.080 The speaker's epiphany is this: NOTE Confidence: 0.929116129875183 df2d3fc9-6edb-43bf-94dd-94dc17f93e94 00:49:09.870 --> 00:49:11.566 everybody doesn't get a NOTE Confidence: 0.901934623718262 e88097ee-2f97-4cb8-8d63-72392c1fc389 00:49:11.566 --> 00:49:16.238 monument. Who decides who doesn't or who does? NOTE Confidence: 0.862757980823517 ecbf7154-82e6-47db-8d06-22d6f9170e1a 00:49:17.910 --> 00:49:22.720 If the speaker doesn't keep his diary, his record, his NOTE Confidence: 0.862757980823517 be21627d-97f3-4f97-bb81-78348bf34b96 00:49:22.720 --> 00:49:28.492 evidence, how can the men who were gunned down by their own NOTE Confidence: 0.862757980823517 aabecb4b-25f0-4bcf-b528-4b5a3f1045df 00:49:28.492 --> 00:49:29.935 side be remembered? NOTE Confidence: 0.848893404006958 367813bd-0e4d-4dbd-a240-15bf73ebb584 00:49:35.410 --> 00:49:40.162 When we get to the last sonnet, "1865," we get the speaker's NOTE Confidence: 0.848893404006958 09bbfdfa-035e-4aa5-8172-65abf32e1f33 00:49:40.162 --> 00:49:44.518 answer to Frederick Douglass's question: "If this war is to NOTE Confidence: 0.848893404006958 0b371a02-1ae1-40ba-a918-e7779e18ad0e 00:49:44.518 --> 00:49:48.874 be forgotten, I ask in the name of all things sacred NOTE Confidence: 0.848893404006958 05ad8c6d-7b0b-43cf-8ddc-6502b6cb6ebc 00:49:48.874 --> 00:49:50.062 what shall men remember?" NOTE Confidence: 0.89997786283493 81ccf0b6-38ee-40cb-9497-7916c62136f1 00:49:51.530 --> 00:49:55.200 First, we have the repeated lines: "There are things which NOTE Confidence: 0.89997786283493 030cc35b-a097-4e9a-b98d-2b3b018ff68c 00:49:55.200 --> 00:49:59.604 must be accounted for" at the end of the previous sonnet. NOTE Confidence: 0.89997786283493 f39be55a-84d3-452c-a759-67bbe62a312c 00:49:59.604 --> 00:50:03.274 It's a vague statement. There are things.  Okay, well, what NOTE Confidence: 0.89997786283493 31f4d1b9-ed9b-48b3-949a-5e8349899fbe 00:50:03.274 --> 00:50:04.375 are the things? NOTE Confidence: 0.861723124980927 6d522701-be4d-4488-a044-c9b444f9bffa 00:50:05.800 --> 00:50:09.712 "1865," set at the end of the war, NOTE Confidence: 0.861773014068604 26995937-af86-41ee-9379-3ec95dd60c82 00:50:09.712 --> 00:50:16.400 tells us: "These are things which must be accounted for." And then NOTE Confidence: 0.861773014068604 e4466536-96ae-4e46-a56a-b81e07cdc3bc 00:50:16.400 --> 00:50:21.450 it names them: all of the injustices committed against the NOTE Confidence: 0.861773014068604 cb96de0f-1a61-49da-98cb-9a70e9637789 00:50:21.450 --> 00:50:28.015 Native Guards by their own side; the horrors of the war; and then, NOTE Confidence: 0.861773014068604 729e1198-547b-418f-ae34-7adcee87fd48 00:50:28.015 --> 00:50:31.550 significantly, a list of monuments that don't exist. NOTE Confidence: 0.865830600261688 35aabf49-b86d-4037-b232-9ea46f077397 00:50:34.380 --> 00:50:36.752 Monuments are everywhere--until NOTE Confidence: 0.835216104984283 ec7c3229-1939-4b62-80b4-a8b3e8dfd067 00:50:36.752 --> 00:50:41.635 they're not. Look at all of those alliterative negation- NOTE Confidence: 0.786417961120605 bf572b66-7800-4c68-aa2e-0d03a36ea8ae 00:50:41.635 --> 00:50:46.995 words. Unmarked graves. Unanswered letters. Untold NOTE Confidence: 0.786417961120605 3dc0676c-7d3e-4f9e-9678-120f9bc8f524 00:50:46.995 --> 00:50:47.878 stories. NOTE Confidence: 0.888059735298157 6abe29c1-87f3-40ce-92b3-8dd8745a9f33 00:50:48.960 --> 00:50:53.657 All of the things that will be forgotten--that are already NOTE Confidence: 0.888059735298157 8ccaa6e5-2510-4def-a20a-7f8a610854e8 00:50:53.657 --> 00:50:58.781 forgotten. There is no record of them and yet, says the speaker: NOTE Confidence: 0.888059735298157 bcd398ea-f495-463a-b9d5-c6038aac2040 00:50:58.781 --> 00:51:00.916 "these things must be accounted NOTE Confidence: 0.821269869804382 10e90390-f94d-4fa4-9e76-2dc7a2fd1279 00:51:00.916 --> 00:51:05.950 for." Of course, that's what Trethewey is doing in this poem: NOTE Confidence: 0.843543112277985 d12045fe-fd78-4a25-a5b0-60e79bc9a632 00:51:06.490 --> 00:51:10.396 accounting for forgotten things, accounting for Civil War history NOTE Confidence: 0.843543112277985 f73a8f96-f9e5-411a-814d-d2cd77397f03 00:51:10.396 --> 00:51:12.132 that has been erased. NOTE Confidence: 0.900216579437256 ec00a3bd-01d7-4958-9326-96faad6edcfa 00:51:13.920 --> 00:51:18.648 But she also acknowledges here at the end of the crown of NOTE Confidence: 0.900216579437256 78b51f43-ac9e-43f3-bc64-9c3e55ea85d1 00:51:18.648 --> 00:51:22.588 sonnets the limitations of the speaker's record-keeping and her NOTE Confidence: 0.902440130710602 605458c2-8b32-4b54-81cd-3ba385ac6b95 00:51:22.588 --> 00:51:27.950 own. Look again at the last three lines of the poem. NOTE Confidence: 0.816109955310822 5109e22a-d06e-4afb-bffa-2acf97eb2b3d 00:51:30.750 --> 00:51:35.430 I've said that monuments conceal as much as they reveal. NOTE Confidence: 0.894914507865906 3b73bc32-51ae-4cca-bdd6-d1fcf3709267 00:51:36.320 --> 00:51:40.008 Not everyone's names will be inscribed in stone. NOTE Confidence: 0.865478575229645 8e7ed134-ca5b-46b8-a899-b9dae5709db2 00:51:41.040 --> 00:51:46.030 But, this poem argues, a monument is better than nothing-- NOTE Confidence: 0.814481377601624 7ae94335-12c3-4500-83ca-1c2b2a5675ef 00:51:46.710 --> 00:51:51.038 because nature conceals even more than monuments do. NOTE Confidence: 0.859301328659058 cb84f7d1-fdc8-4549-bd31-6353632aea77 00:51:52.480 --> 00:51:58.840 These are two views of Shiloh, Tennessee, site of a bloody Civil NOTE Confidence: 0.90939998626709 267150ca-ddef-450d-96e1-7ab0e59b9912 00:51:58.840 --> 00:52:02.954 War battle. With the monuments, we have a NOTE Confidence: 0.90939998626709 22d48b8a-ea02-4fac-b3c5-4dfcbadfa551 00:52:02.954 --> 00:52:05.817 battlefield. Without the monuments, we have some NOTE Confidence: 0.90939998626709 d053ca54-8e04-4b1c-b8e3-42c7f21ffe09 00:52:05.817 --> 00:52:09.089 trees. We don't know what happened there, if NOTE Confidence: 0.90939998626709 766c733c-b0a0-4e2f-aab4-a8c1705b252c 00:52:09.089 --> 00:52:10.316 anything ever did. NOTE Confidence: 0.82404088973999 d6a7d897-8b4b-4f73-8eff-e5471c8adc17 00:52:11.500 --> 00:52:15.870 Let's look once more at the circularity of this crown of NOTE Confidence: 0.82404088973999 581243e0-bfb9-4aba-b26d-9837048628f5 00:52:15.870 --> 00:52:18.929 sonnets--and how Trethewey messes with that NOTE Confidence: 0.82404088973999 454d15a0-a817-4a51-9c00-71db759e4937 00:52:18.929 --> 00:52:22.862 circularity. The last line of "1865" reverses the first NOTE Confidence: 0.82404088973999 c03c7a82-1f87-4969-a477-c7e03d8f9705 00:52:22.862 --> 00:52:26.795 line of the poem in the crown of sonnets. NOTE Confidence: 0.86101508140564 e08a4d55-de4b-4e31-b5f9-6396eed257d4 00:52:27.900 --> 00:52:34.700 "Truth be told, I do not want to NOTE Confidence: 0.766517579555511 91fe9348-a44e-4e33-9d35-fd22cba63bc2 00:52:34.700 --> 00:52:40.409 forget . . ." ". . . we tread upon, forgetting. Truth be told." NOTE Confidence: 0.865047633647919 86e75ce4-ff26-42dd-ae05-a954d03ac56f 00:52:42.080 --> 00:52:46.667 "Truth be told, I do not want to forget" announces the NOTE Confidence: 0.865047633647919 b3bbded0-f2dd-47f8-a7f1-a314fe4b66a4 00:52:46.667 --> 00:52:50.420 speaker's good intentions at the very beginning of the NOTE Confidence: 0.865047633647919 2672996f-ae8a-4c28-aa8b-cc6dfcb5567f 00:52:50.420 --> 00:52:53.756 sequence, but this last line shows his failure. NOTE Confidence: 0.896714508533478 82ab7ec6-8a2e-4f51-99e9-1d9731fb5fb2 00:52:55.650 --> 00:52:59.922 Think about how different this poem would be if it ended with NOTE Confidence: 0.896714508533478 ffc06718-8508-448f-a646-68e6e0bfd699 00:52:59.922 --> 00:53:04.550 an exact repetition of the first line: "Truth be told, I do not NOTE Confidence: 0.896714508533478 28acf15b-be8e-49b8-ad97-4dcf72e04da1 00:53:04.550 --> 00:53:05.618 want to forget." NOTE Confidence: 0.895785868167877 456e3033-1538-4f2e-8e0a-f908299df869 00:53:07.050 --> 00:53:11.142 It would be personal, only about the speaker, rather than  NOTE Confidence: 0.895785868167877 134f640f-28d7-4be7-89f9-a447c3c0a2ab 00:53:11.142 --> 00:53:15.606 collective. It would be an "I," instead of moving to a "we." NOTE Confidence: 0.910916447639465 54113bff-98f4-4da0-b50e-6fb303cc5bfa 00:53:16.480 --> 00:53:20.638 And it would suggest that only personal memory is NOTE Confidence: 0.910916447639465 2453c47f-29a2-4c79-967c-be2c1cf9870d 00:53:20.638 --> 00:53:23.872 important, and not collective or historical memory. NOTE Confidence: 0.882518172264099 2b683f59-7d35-4f8d-a522-8e33f4f48c81 00:53:26.000 --> 00:53:28.380 It would also end the poem much NOTE Confidence: 0.845966994762421 18f053ae-1af9-441e-961e-c1467c5d738b 00:53:28.380 --> 00:53:33.068 more hopefully. If Trethewey had ended the poem as she began NOTE Confidence: 0.845966994762421 7b571135-8c6c-42a5-8749-bf15b5feffa5 00:53:33.068 --> 00:53:37.856 it, with "Truth be told, I do not want to forget," she would have NOTE Confidence: 0.845966994762421 67ba5586-3c8d-4b88-90de-223452390e97 00:53:37.856 --> 00:53:41.618 left open the possibility that the speaker and his diary might NOTE Confidence: 0.833119332790375 69d10505-9357-43b3-bab9-64a2057084ce 00:53:41.618 --> 00:53:45.878 prevail--that memory might prevail over forgetting. NOTE Confidence: 0.811348140239716 1e03fc7e-71a8-440c-af20-44d2e92a6af0 00:53:48.020 --> 00:53:52.924 But Trethewey most purposefully does not do this. NOTE Confidence: 0.87506628036499 49d7e2e3-b704-40f1-8ac2-52934d0f37e1 00:53:53.740 --> 00:53:58.380 Without a monument, we walk the fields, and we forget. NOTE Confidence: 0.811995565891266 7383bb7b-f8e7-426a-a8ce-1090b9ea7b55 00:54:02.130 --> 00:54:06.846 In the poems we've looked at so far, we've seen Trethewey pose NOTE Confidence: 0.811995565891266 2c47056d-2706-45c7-a0f7-ca651b4d06b3 00:54:06.846 --> 00:54:09.990 different problems about memory and forgetting and propose NOTE Confidence: 0.861092567443848 399f7a7c-2081-4e24-aef6-3db7d83b1dfd 00:54:09.990 --> 00:54:14.345 different resolutions. In "What is Evidence," we see the NOTE Confidence: 0.861092567443848 65ce9465-67fc-4bde-b1f4-12e69a9ea573 00:54:14.345 --> 00:54:18.080 insufficiency of monuments to tell the truth about Trethewey's NOTE Confidence: 0.877339482307434 386606f0-a8d1-44c2-8fac-bdfff6dd4414 00:54:18.080 --> 00:54:23.022 mother's murder. In "Native Guard," we see why, despite their NOTE Confidence: 0.877339482307434 87e9b286-1774-49c8-bca5-f7c401991bec 00:54:23.022 --> 00:54:26.454 limitations, we might still need monuments after all. NOTE Confidence: 0.797082424163818 01892b67-431b-4389-8dfd-46933f866406 00:54:28.650 --> 00:54:32.066 In the final sonnet we'll look at today, "Southern NOTE Confidence: 0.797082424163818 82d82add-c8fb-4617-b22a-583f1851be2f 00:54:32.066 --> 00:54:35.482 History," we see Trethewey explore still another angle. NOTE Confidence: 0.788583815097809 7bec84ae-5c3f-4cf5-97dd-575abb620a1b 00:54:36.700 --> 00:54:40.550 Senior Janai' Robbins will now read "Southern History" for us. NOTE Confidence: 0.875841498374939 5f48e606-ac4b-4ccd-b82e-cbbb4ff06367 00:54:43.300 --> 00:54:49.202 "Southern History. Before the war they were happy, he said, NOTE Confidence: 0.875841498374939 bee7af80-1af6-495e-a070-0bc73bfd124b 00:54:49.202 --> 00:54:50.534 quoting our textbook. NOTE Confidence: 0.908423364162445 57cfc376-20fb-497a-9eb1-bcc3453f0913 00:54:51.700 --> 00:54:53.655 (This was senior-year history NOTE Confidence: 0.851165235042572 c7918dc5-ef35-4bbf-adf6-230922a0df8f 00:54:53.655 --> 00:54:58.500 class.) The slaves were clothed, fed, and better off NOTE Confidence: 0.851165235042572 5b8c94a3-72f2-4e7d-9d24-d2f4259a4246 00:54:58.500 --> 00:55:00.360 under a master's care. NOTE Confidence: 0.883196353912354 3bf25915-6080-4e76-8724-d3005be7cf1d 00:55:01.440 --> 00:55:03.785 I watched the words blur on the NOTE Confidence: 0.8438800573349 ceb15de3-db3d-4fe4-b4b9-f7a3e3cd5897 00:55:03.785 --> 00:55:06.805 page. No one raised a hand, NOTE Confidence: 0.886033773422241 7ebdff31-ce73-4421-b3fb-3f9a05578aef 00:55:06.805 --> 00:55:08.998 disagreed. Not even me. NOTE Confidence: 0.882340729236603 d457bb46-0553-43bc-bcec-437258eb9624 00:55:10.530 --> 00:55:14.537 It was late; we still had Reconstruction to cover before NOTE Confidence: 0.882340729236603 b83ea5b7-07d0-4c8d-bcbf-7ed6f04ca532 00:55:14.537 --> 00:55:18.509 the test, and--luckily--three hours of watching Gone with the Wind. NOTE Confidence: 0.885905086994171 a82d071d-6785-4b27-bfd4-d608ba9bad54 00:55:19.460 --> 00:55:25.453 History, the teacher said, of the old South--a true account of how NOTE Confidence: 0.885905086994171 33d8cd8a-1511-4441-b6f9-2e557cf96291 00:55:25.453 --> 00:55:27.297 things were back then. NOTE Confidence: 0.790748357772827 540d9af6-8480-4e57-945c-60d0ad33b8e2 00:55:28.110 --> 00:55:35.118 On screen a slave stood big as life: big mouth, bucked eyes, our NOTE Confidence: 0.790748357772827 de0ffd4b-7d43-4d1e-8782-981f4e2eb62b 00:55:35.118 --> 00:55:36.870 textbook's grinning proof-- NOTE Confidence: 0.838158488273621 f6735a2d-13ae-45bb-80bd-54d992b3aa6c 00:55:37.390 --> 00:55:41.146 a lie my teacher guarded. Silent, NOTE Confidence: 0.929705798625946 a30ae367-fe7a-4c0c-86e8-92b6610f8af2 00:55:41.680 --> 00:55:42.799 so did I." NOTE Confidence: 0.865236043930054 6ac92382-2bdd-45b2-a458-7f4ed786735f 00:55:46.250 --> 00:55:50.490 We discussed asymmetry with respect to "What is Evidence" NOTE Confidence: 0.865236043930054 0019cf1a-d42b-40ba-aac9-bb1e6f355933 00:55:50.490 --> 00:55:53.458 and limitation with respect to "Native Guard." NOTE Confidence: 0.812334954738617 3613b693-b20a-4682-acff-1616e46bc561 00:55:55.500 --> 00:55:59.220 Tretheway's innovations in "Southern History" are, I think, NOTE Confidence: 0.812334954738617 e1558331-91a9-4405-9c0d-ea456deb8918 00:55:59.220 --> 00:56:01.545 at the level of movement. NOTE Confidence: 0.837945461273193 28345ec8-97fd-4bc0-9eb8-7d66016f4acd 00:56:02.340 --> 00:56:06.844 This poem paradoxically moves exactly like a traditional NOTE Confidence: 0.837945461273193 8f42ee81-f36d-442c-af0b-412dd197e199 00:56:06.844 --> 00:56:11.911 English sonnet, yet it cloaks those movements with white space NOTE Confidence: 0.837945461273193 e5d4d8fd-bce7-4c3c-984f-72421fa00df3 00:56:11.911 --> 00:56:13.600 and line breaks. NOTE Confidence: 0.861681818962097 cfdc63cf-1ce7-47c2-880f-9f12995bf7e0 00:56:15.730 --> 00:56:20.488 "Southern History" is the only one of the fourteen sonnets in this book NOTE Confidence: 0.861681818962097 2e562cf5-e35b-4edd-a895-6c31252576fe 00:56:20.488 --> 00:56:23.782 that follows the traditional rhyme scheme of an English NOTE Confidence: 0.809317767620087 b47e6695-159b-47a1-ae37-a9130644cebf 00:56:23.782 --> 00:56:27.222 sonnet. But Trethewey's being sneaky, breaking the lines in NOTE Confidence: 0.809317767620087 21a2ba78-a660-4656-b2fa-e38c7f160b1c 00:56:27.222 --> 00:56:30.810 the middle of sentences, so that the rhyme gets muffled, and NOTE Confidence: 0.809317767620087 38558c44-269b-4b3b-8904-cb8665a3c728 00:56:30.810 --> 00:56:34.099 also spacing the poem out into couplets, so that the poem NOTE Confidence: 0.809317767620087 aaf65b26-bf52-4517-b951-e374aacd62e9 00:56:34.099 --> 00:56:37.089 doesn't look like we expect a sonnet to look. NOTE Confidence: 0.860190808773041 d052e4f9-1190-40e5-b7bc-a564a0ed6190 00:56:37.940 --> 00:56:41.588 In fact, we might not even notice the rhyme or that this NOTE Confidence: 0.860190808773041 7f633859-b211-46a1-b34a-54a463147eaa 00:56:41.588 --> 00:56:45.236 poem is a sonnet when we first look at it. It's easy NOTE Confidence: 0.860190808773041 8a85032d-637f-4cda-97ee-be09c727284e 00:56:45.236 --> 00:56:48.276 to hear when read aloud, but it's harder to see. NOTE Confidence: 0.77069228887558 6ddb6c1b-23ed-4134-af50-78a3c633cbd0 00:56:50.110 --> 00:56:53.143 Let's let the rhymes and line breaks guide us through NOTE Confidence: 0.77069228887558 bdedc6a5-5def-4d8d-a40c-9f5ce095b34c 00:56:53.143 --> 00:56:55.839 the poem's quatrains and couplet; then we'll talk NOTE Confidence: 0.77069228887558 4c8ac1e0-9f5c-4bc7-be4f-dddb7dd83cb1 00:56:55.839 --> 00:56:57.187 about the experimental spacing. NOTE Confidence: 0.88571697473526 5eb0efc0-25c9-47a1-ac27-7ea239b6bb76 00:57:01.080 --> 00:57:06.462 The first four lines set up the problem: and it's a big problem. NOTE Confidence: 0.88571697473526 0303057b-933b-4e76-8daf-b21c5be07dfd 00:57:06.462 --> 00:57:10.188 Lies about slavery are being presented as the truth. NOTE Confidence: 0.874516248703003 e609c3bd-b5e0-4821-bae3-3e6a5c809288 00:57:10.800 --> 00:57:15.530 Specifically, the teacher is quoting a racist history book to NOTE Confidence: 0.874516248703003 6b5b9bb3-9b48-4546-879b-c21c8854c176 00:57:15.530 --> 00:57:21.206 the class. In fact, three of the quatrain's four lines present his NOTE Confidence: 0.874516248703003 1bc1c26e-ae92-4da4-96b9-ff4fa7cdad89 00:57:21.206 --> 00:57:23.098 voice quoting the textbook. NOTE Confidence: 0.900774598121643 79c632ba-1470-4f2d-84ec-f1afe5147d0e 00:57:23.950 --> 00:57:28.510 It's important that the very first end-word, sticking out NOTE Confidence: 0.900774598121643 cb550284-2c48-4dff-8487-4a34e03f9fde 00:57:28.510 --> 00:57:34.438 there on the first line of the poem, is "said"--because the whole NOTE Confidence: 0.900774598121643 e5873724-fffd-4aa7-a3b6-7b3f7def9624 00:57:34.438 --> 00:57:39.454 poem is about who is claiming the authority to speak--the  NOTE Confidence: 0.900774598121643 d4dfe180-0478-42ef-9558-ce6feb43ea9d 00:57:39.454 --> 00:57:40.822 teacher, the textbook-- NOTE Confidence: 0.939319252967834 a92bab20-a570-4fe1-96be-16042da92f55 00:57:41.330 --> 00:57:42.870 and who is not. NOTE Confidence: 0.791629374027252 a931ff5c-927b-4b36-b7f4-48a2f56efe8c 00:57:43.580 --> 00:57:46.625 And look at that "said" / "fed" rhyme. NOTE Confidence: 0.848768591880798 fcd8f065-e8f9-4419-b112-0d4f11b9f22c 00:57:47.210 --> 00:57:52.370 The teacher has, through what he has "said," "fed" lies to the NOTE Confidence: 0.848768591880798 6b283a77-0cd8-47b1-beef-ac75c938c78a 00:57:52.370 --> 00:57:53.230 entire class. NOTE Confidence: 0.892563819885254 c430a617-329d-4243-ad98-5e207a3625a6 00:57:55.110 --> 00:57:58.542 History books are their own kinds of monuments. We read a NOTE Confidence: 0.892563819885254 88bf7632-2fe0-4bf0-8e3b-4c15581b63fe 00:57:58.542 --> 00:58:02.598 history book and we want to believe we can trust it. It's a NOTE Confidence: 0.892563819885254 3977c60e-6144-4d4a-99f1-dad9b70b4f48 00:58:02.598 --> 00:58:06.030 history book! It's supposed to tell the truth about the past. NOTE Confidence: 0.866557002067566 7090d13d-5080-4dd5-b5b0-3ee38fdb63e4 00:58:06.570 --> 00:58:08.430 And so are history teachers. NOTE Confidence: 0.903198957443237 39a31df9-23fa-4cb6-8576-674187802f9c 00:58:09.090 --> 00:58:13.314 But here we can see, clearly, neither the book nor the teacher NOTE Confidence: 0.903198957443237 f26ceb7f-4fd9-4720-aa5d-55d40b23893f 00:58:13.314 --> 00:58:14.722 is speaking the truth. NOTE Confidence: 0.863037347793579 e7e7f578-e8b1-4911-ad99-c6da7d7832e4 00:58:18.320 --> 00:58:25.340 In quatrain 2, the "I" voice comes in. The next four lines deepen the NOTE Confidence: 0.863037347793579 8f1454d8-80c8-4605-a68f-baad41769819 00:58:25.340 --> 00:58:30.020 problem. Here we see a collective silence in the classroom: NOTE Confidence: 0.873985648155212 af10f31d-7d0a-4429-9f1d-4fc6f9b2b1a5 00:58:30.670 --> 00:58:34.708 "No one raised a hand, disagreed." NOTE Confidence: 0.883971810340881 19eff27a-d3a5-44e0-8382-9076b905cad6 00:58:35.840 --> 00:58:39.514 And we see the personal cost of the history book's lie: NOTE Confidence: 0.927018046379089 6cfc8d96-2326-4643-84f2-667559a91217 00:58:40.340 --> 00:58:42.179 "Not even me." NOTE Confidence: 0.846524357795715 4d26b18a-34b3-46d6-b42f-cc8a11af5d86 00:58:43.580 --> 00:58:47.958 The arrangement of the line breaks in this quatrain--"no one" NOTE Confidence: 0.846524357795715 e08aa1ad-3d80-49e6-adff-7066a01a04ef 00:58:47.958 --> 00:58:53.928 at the end of Line 5, contrasted with "me" at the end of Line 6-- NOTE Confidence: 0.880282282829285 7cffa41e-8152-45cc-aa7d-7bd02d2be32b 00:58:54.710 --> 00:58:59.264 highlights the relationship between the collective--"no one"--and NOTE Confidence: 0.880282282829285 c0e68222-f1ce-431b-9bb1-0ad405561ec4 00:58:59.264 --> 00:59:04.324 the individual--"me"--showing us just how complicit the class is NOTE Confidence: 0.880282282829285 5a26ddd5-0596-49b3-b596-e8956c3a63b3 00:59:04.324 --> 00:59:06.854 and just how isolated the NOTE Confidence: 0.846237421035767 c777fe89-0d29-45f8-9942-23ca8666e5e1 00:59:06.854 --> 00:59:11.266 speaker feels. Though Trethewey doesn't come out and say it, NOTE Confidence: 0.846237421035767 8744fe32-8a41-497d-9b72-32ebcf428fb4 00:59:11.266 --> 00:59:15.370 it feels like the speaker is the only Black student in the NOTE Confidence: 0.846237421035767 c2e43831-5853-4343-ab3a-9494d7e48b5e 00:59:15.370 --> 00:59:18.106 class, surrounded by a sea of white silences. NOTE Confidence: 0.866588950157166 1a5ca755-0b3b-45bd-8592-3e7c652cbce2 00:59:19.900 --> 00:59:24.448 The rest of the quatrain pulls back from this moment and offers NOTE Confidence: 0.866588950157166 9ee13162-13a5-4714-8df0-bf936ba954a2 00:59:24.448 --> 00:59:28.238 up history as something to be tested on. Nothing personal. NOTE Confidence: 0.866588950157166 c05ffeb5-6f9a-4a0b-bc9e-9f5451316a63 00:59:28.238 --> 00:59:32.028 It's just dates and facts to memorize and then forget. NOTE Confidence: 0.884051382541656 7c6a84c1-2c4f-4b04-b5a5-5c5e31d2e972 00:59:32.870 --> 00:59:35.918 Except, as this poem shows us, NOTE Confidence: 0.925037741661072 4b2e9aa9-ec1d-4f3b-bb08-e7049585846b 00:59:35.918 --> 00:59:40.328 it's not. History is dangerous. NOTE Confidence: 0.877757906913757 8d2315ed-c474-4b1d-8842-9d1810e7d862 00:59:46.170 --> 00:59:49.962 The third quatrain introduces another medium and another NOTE Confidence: 0.877757906913757 8938ce5f-9308-4f02-b1a8-1e7ab203d6d6 00:59:49.962 --> 00:59:53.754 monument into the classroom: that of a film. NOTE Confidence: 0.864748060703278 ba9a6f74-1f73-4dfd-9a5b-f220952f510a 00:59:54.690 --> 00:59:58.331 "Gone with the Wind": an iconic Hollywood film from 1939. Even NOTE Confidence: 0.864748060703278 d0a79136-a0cd-4bb5-8cd9-538607002552 00:59:58.331 --> 01:00:03.296 if you've never seen it, I bet a lot of you have heard of it. NOTE Confidence: 0.839771747589111 b658d22b-4fd5-421c-8fec-2e7050853e8f 01:00:04.600 --> 01:00:06.868 Monuments are everywhere. NOTE Confidence: 0.865825116634369 09975d89-37c7-4f96-bc2c-404d8e56f52f 01:00:07.600 --> 01:00:11.029 Here's another one, this time a monument of cinema. NOTE Confidence: 0.914007782936096 b465df0e-dbb6-4937-bd30-90416a98aa3e 01:00:11.620 --> 01:00:16.168 It was one of the first 25 American films preserved in the NOTE Confidence: 0.914007782936096 09632b1e-c3b5-4c52-b3bb-d36cfdef7463 01:00:16.168 --> 01:00:19.958 National Film Registry, which means that it's in the Library NOTE Confidence: 0.846312582492828 730e4d30-c8cf-4c27-a22e-fcd31314d00c 01:00:19.958 --> 01:00:23.610 of Congress. It won ten Oscars NOTE Confidence: 0.894748985767365 fa1e1442-7ab6-4e9d-8846-c8f12e6ef00c 01:00:23.610 --> 01:00:29.030 in 1940. If you've seen this movie, you know that it's about NOTE Confidence: 0.894748985767365 e15c360b-98ff-4fda-a8f3-3756f02a50bb 01:00:29.030 --> 01:00:32.748 as problematic a movie as there is with respect to its NOTE Confidence: 0.894748985767365 70ed4cb7-17e4-4d4f-bda3-b3cc4d579b99 01:00:32.748 --> 01:00:33.762 portrayals of slavery. NOTE Confidence: 0.817956387996674 8d001294-81ed-4408-8cef-773ebfb6c32c 01:00:36.510 --> 01:00:41.590 In the movie, enslaved people like Mammy, featured here, are NOTE Confidence: 0.817956387996674 c23ce437-25af-41c9-b7d2-d171eb52f08d 01:00:41.590 --> 01:00:46.162 loyal. They love the main character. Scarlett O'Hara, also NOTE Confidence: 0.817956387996674 f0b3a2d8-cac5-453f-a382-7a74744abcf6 01:00:46.162 --> 01:00:48.702 pictured here, and protect her. NOTE Confidence: 0.901480793952942 9d97f3c5-dda2-415a-bdbe-5f65ecc0b061 01:00:49.470 --> 01:00:53.814 Even after they are free, they stay with her and take care of NOTE Confidence: 0.861593067646027 9f8884f1-19fc-48bd-b87a-5ca166b31490 01:00:53.814 --> 01:00:57.910 her. This cinematic monument conceals the NOTE Confidence: 0.861593067646027 08cc897d-91a8-4485-ad71-bd72294d236f 01:00:57.910 --> 01:00:59.734 truth about slavery. NOTE Confidence: 0.905958652496338 479798a9-cb09-448c-a676-acba1f6337d7 01:01:02.220 --> 01:01:07.918 Black Americans knew this in 1939, and they turned out to NOTE Confidence: 0.905958652496338 88dd6158-5bf8-4b1e-bc2d-bef8fc49cab0 01:01:07.918 --> 01:01:09.472 protest the film. NOTE Confidence: 0.929506480693817 0d6541f6-9340-46e4-a83b-f36ab998def0 01:01:10.210 --> 01:01:13.462 That's a piece of history I would like to be as well- NOTE Confidence: 0.929506480693817 8a206a49-3412-40d6-9d92-d0e8cada7651 01:01:13.462 --> 01:01:14.546 known as the movie. NOTE Confidence: 0.869837880134583 e0bb7973-1af0-45f8-9597-6c62f24946d4 01:01:18.390 --> 01:01:22.566 Significantly, in this quatrain, the teacher is talking again, NOTE Confidence: 0.869837880134583 fd88d1bc-7eb4-4794-8bbb-3316d66845f5 01:01:22.566 --> 01:01:27.206 this time asserting that this movie is "a true account." NOTE Confidence: 0.867927491664886 ab75e041-6c3f-45e8-b4c8-97860da506cc 01:01:27.780 --> 01:01:32.040 The protesters in the last slide were well aware that NOTE Confidence: 0.867927491664886 7b649cd8-2143-40c4-9146-89d41552b19f 01:01:32.040 --> 01:01:37.578 that wasn't true. The movie "Gone with the Wind" is based on a NOTE Confidence: 0.867927491664886 6b74fb8f-781b-4c90-8cca-6b020b20c7ef 01:01:37.578 --> 01:01:42.264 novel written in the 1930s. It's fiction, based on more fiction. NOTE Confidence: 0.867927491664886 78fe0148-7b5f-49ad-8991-bad97e36ef8d 01:01:42.264 --> 01:01:45.246 It's not a "true account" at all. NOTE Confidence: 0.883532106876373 f9583996-6d55-46f7-b07e-984c023317ee 01:01:45.920 --> 01:01:50.410 Remember that word "account" from "Native Guard": "These are things NOTE Confidence: 0.883532106876373 35fb0d3a-59c1-4d01-90a8-e42fefe47041 01:01:50.410 --> 01:01:52.655 which must be accounted for." NOTE Confidence: 0.896167278289795 9fa4971f-b52e-46dc-8dc0-1df886b9641d 01:01:53.570 --> 01:01:56.405 What an ironic reversal of that term. NOTE Confidence: 0.923835456371307 8db6ba56-9223-40a1-b329-e96dd55ea7bf 01:01:58.220 --> 01:02:02.601 The image of the slave on the screen is being presented as the NOTE Confidence: 0.91285240650177 33e4da66-c096-49f6-bac1-d07e35ba9e52 01:02:02.601 --> 01:02:07.383 truth. The speaker can see that this "truth" is racist. NOTE Confidence: 0.83799546957016 108085ee-91b8-4fe7-8330-4f2c4f532792 01:02:08.110 --> 01:02:11.890 The slave has a "big mouth" that is "grinning," presumably NOTE Confidence: 0.83799546957016 66545cd5-950f-42c9-a81e-b68a887b67f6 01:02:11.890 --> 01:02:16.048 because the slave is so very "happy," as the textbook asserts. NOTE Confidence: 0.845700263977051 3f841227-8862-4d63-869f-2bdbfc3a73da 01:02:17.400 --> 01:02:22.100 Don't miss the "South / mouth" rhyme here, which highlights the NOTE Confidence: 0.845700263977051 6d8a6f87-41fc-4e4e-90cf-64d30839072e 01:02:22.100 --> 01:02:26.800 southern slave's fake Hollywood smile and also highlights the NOTE Confidence: 0.845700263977051 4a6a25ab-5b53-4ef1-a7af-06bf4430e2a6 01:02:26.800 --> 01:02:31.030 speaker's geographical identity, the type of history she's studying, NOTE Confidence: 0.845700263977051 466a4dff-7697-431f-ab99-722e9dccd32d 01:02:31.030 --> 01:02:36.200 and the "mouth"--her own Southern mouth--that she doesn't open. NOTE Confidence: 0.816271066665649 fe98dc9e-c504-4162-9b6f-4c4688987f27 01:02:40.280 --> 01:02:46.442 The turn of this sonnet comes in the last three words of the NOTE Confidence: 0.816271066665649 954491fe-5488-422d-918e-e46c75b3474b 01:02:46.442 --> 01:02:51.182 first line of the final couplet: "proof--a lie." Line break. NOTE Confidence: 0.879958808422089 26929ce6-ecdb-4f49-9732-44960c4ca8a7 01:02:51.860 --> 01:02:57.488 The sentence keeps going, but the line break in the middle of NOTE Confidence: 0.879958808422089 b2ec93ec-33e6-43ce-a9fd-5ed303f31485 01:02:57.488 --> 01:03:02.178 that sentence, where we pause, gives us a secondary meaning. NOTE Confidence: 0.897669851779938 24071da2-bf1d-471d-bad3-e13a9902373d 01:03:02.900 --> 01:03:05.170 The proof is a lie. NOTE Confidence: 0.878854691982269 a9416850-fc29-42fb-8b37-ac0500a99804 01:03:06.030 --> 01:03:11.079 That's the turn of the poem where the speaker, years later, NOTE Confidence: 0.878854691982269 1a18aabc-9303-4c5c-b282-4412965cc3c3 01:03:11.079 --> 01:03:15.669 remembering this moment, comes out and says, "That was bullshit." NOTE Confidence: 0.782452821731567 ecf5e56c-17e7-46ab-a61b-5b9c0b696793 01:03:17.850 --> 01:03:22.118 I hope you've noticed how neatly Trethewey has built this sonnet. NOTE Confidence: 0.782452821731567 7f63000d-7eb4-4262-8ab8-b9063a8fd1b4 01:03:22.118 --> 01:03:25.610 She develops the problem in three different quatrains, the NOTE Confidence: 0.782452821731567 7c437d21-4807-4c1b-b5b6-d99fac0ea7c5 01:03:25.610 --> 01:03:29.878 rhymes move us through the poem like they're supposed to, and NOTE Confidence: 0.782452821731567 a70218d6-92a3-4124-9204-5ca21ffbab9b 01:03:29.878 --> 01:03:32.206 the turn is sharp and clear. NOTE Confidence: 0.828350961208344 b1f4d809-0d70-4fa7-b1db-d9d08f92a791 01:03:33.230 --> 01:03:38.169 Like a good English sonnet, the final line gives us another NOTE Confidence: 0.828350961208344 3665656f-93f8-4f40-a949-007df85dff12 01:03:38.169 --> 01:03:41.761 stinging reversal. Remember the pin popping the balloon? NOTE Confidence: 0.899632692337036 ec638be7-9419-4281-bb85-1f7ddbe87383 01:03:43.540 --> 01:03:48.844 Unexpectedly, the speaker of the poem implicates herself. NOTE Confidence: 0.872959077358246 95ce82cc-ead1-4573-a3e2-5c37326a1c8e 01:03:49.430 --> 01:03:54.650 The false truth of the textbook is a lie the teacher guards-- NOTE Confidence: 0.907588124275208 7b0365a5-790c-4766-abf7-74e0714afce7 01:03:55.210 --> 01:04:00.300 but the speaker does, too, because she doesn't say anything. NOTE Confidence: 0.785440981388092 0fd7c991-2cb1-43e6-ac33-ef421da2ff37 01:04:01.240 --> 01:04:05.240 Here is where you really can see Trethewey working that NOTE Confidence: 0.785440981388092 6d591e65-1f0a-49de-bec9-417a46f343d8 01:04:05.240 --> 01:04:06.440 English sonnet's swerve. NOTE Confidence: 0.835749268531799 1280ae1e-3bba-4f6b-92de-cea002954baa 01:04:07.690 --> 01:04:13.390 And don't miss that amazing final rhyme: "lie" and "I."  That's a NOTE Confidence: 0.835749268531799 475a4cbb-9576-436b-bbda-44e54390c0be 01:04:13.390 --> 01:04:14.815 pretty revealing rhyme. NOTE Confidence: 0.822485983371735 527d0b44-e619-495b-aaf2-be3781828c12 01:04:17.900 --> 01:04:22.400 So far, I haven't said anything about the white space in the NOTE Confidence: 0.822485983371735 3ddda027-f651-456e-99cc-c0c23eaebb8a 01:04:22.400 --> 01:04:25.775 poem--the division of the sonnet into unconventional couplets. NOTE Confidence: 0.822485983371735 ae44010b-96c9-4038-af04-fc340a2e8457 01:04:25.775 --> 01:04:30.650 Why does Trethewey do this in an otherwise by-the-book sonnet? NOTE Confidence: 0.779912233352661 10a7693f-e9f9-404f-ac6c-811ec5bd01da 01:04:32.740 --> 01:04:38.068 The white space makes concrete the tense, painful silences in NOTE Confidence: 0.914153397083282 5fd20167-7c7e-4f58-ba80-68ce8eea7bc6 01:04:38.068 --> 01:04:43.438 this poem. Because the white space is there, we have to slow NOTE Confidence: 0.914153397083282 c5b88d72-1ec2-4c1f-be87-d79d745e6c04 01:04:43.438 --> 01:04:44.926 down as we read. NOTE Confidence: 0.860001146793365 95d2e3b5-43f6-4b59-8018-11f7d979ef25 01:04:45.750 --> 01:04:50.226 The poem's movement is arrested; the poem can't pick up the kind NOTE Confidence: 0.860001146793365 965c6b0d-afa4-4127-8df0-a2320402b291 01:04:50.226 --> 01:04:53.583 of speed it could if the white space weren't there. NOTE Confidence: 0.866432070732117 16274e5a-13bd-41f7-a77c-e1419a079a47 01:04:54.530 --> 01:04:59.951 As a result, we have to dwell in these white troughs of silence NOTE Confidence: 0.866432070732117 08e8c99d-5260-4fee-b672-ed95103f7496 01:04:59.951 --> 01:05:04.955 between the words and feel the pain of being stuck in that NOTE Confidence: 0.912258625030518 a9e5cbbc-0034-46b5-9e18-f71e2f4ffc1d 01:05:04.955 --> 01:05:09.276 space. Although there's a resolution in this poem, there NOTE Confidence: 0.912258625030518 1e9cd80e-3cc9-48fe-9782-c77f524a6339 01:05:09.276 --> 01:05:11.598 is no relief from this feeling. NOTE Confidence: 0.906628310680389 4da7051a-c8e6-4c04-911a-dc90e649eedd 01:05:14.210 --> 01:05:19.346 "Southern History" shows that historical lies will persist NOTE Confidence: 0.906628310680389 31345b98-706b-4a3f-9b41-e30573bf66c2 01:05:19.346 --> 01:05:21.914 unless we speak up. NOTE Confidence: 0.920794248580933 a8380938-0913-4544-a596-a1da4139cdb0 01:05:22.760 --> 01:05:25.084 It's a lesson for all of us: NOTE Confidence: 0.846641004085541 2811c412-2a33-456c-9d11-896826702a16 01:05:25.620 --> 01:05:30.300 historical lies are perpetuated--"guarded," in another ironic NOTE Confidence: 0.846641004085541 19a4dd00-dd1d-4d68-a194-ec05e0b3c293 01:05:30.300 --> 01:05:36.540 nod to the poem "Native Guard,"--not only by people who actively NOTE Confidence: 0.846641004085541 f76eb16b-0384-4a83-87a8-ab4751fa14f3 01:05:36.540 --> 01:05:41.740 promote falsehoods, like the teacher, but by people who do NOTE Confidence: 0.846641004085541 35e0d915-29b7-4aa6-8101-2d5bf1a33a05 01:05:41.740 --> 01:05:44.340 know better yet don't say NOTE Confidence: 0.892600655555725 3040b2ad-d009-42d6-aa05-db620c29819c 01:05:44.340 --> 01:05:50.440 anything. It is possible to be a complicit guardian of lies. NOTE Confidence: 0.836284816265106 ed9828e9-929d-4065-a91d-444135e545f2 01:05:52.510 --> 01:05:56.846 "Southern History" resolves the poem with a warning. NOTE Confidence: 0.897434234619141 970d7e21-df13-49aa-bc48-e384d2cd0dcb 01:05:57.350 --> 01:05:59.579 Silence is dangerous. NOTE Confidence: 0.844582915306091 87a764ca-1743-4c8c-936d-3f1aaa486690 01:06:02.760 --> 01:06:06.180 Let's take a moment to look at where we've been with Trethewey. NOTE Confidence: 0.828940868377686 dbb124f4-5e37-4642-85dc-55bad4d9a193 01:06:08.390 --> 01:06:12.368 We've looked at the sonnet's asymmetry in "What is NOTE Confidence: 0.828940868377686 96631246-61ad-4a1a-ba6e-cdea76094250 01:06:12.368 --> 01:06:15.904 Evidence," its limitation in "Native Guard," and its NOTE Confidence: 0.828940868377686 1bc1598d-ec68-459d-b306-5c3255eb175d 01:06:15.904 --> 01:06:17.672 movement in "Southern History." NOTE Confidence: 0.872509360313416 6f5d1f4e-69d8-4b82-9f94-8ce6ba229e44 01:06:21.940 --> 01:06:26.321 These sonnets have moved from the personal in Part 1 of the book NOTE Confidence: 0.872509360313416 1ec46644-72ae-4166-90dd-3f16a22b4bcb 01:06:26.321 --> 01:06:28.343 to the historical in Part 2, NOTE Confidence: 0.896863698959351 5b46d99b-cc18-490d-8757-20e8fdf60f74 01:06:28.920 --> 01:06:32.352 then to the personal intersecting with the historical NOTE Confidence: 0.896863698959351 42d35c92-b488-47d8-b958-23d5cb5cc1fb 01:06:32.352 --> 01:06:33.639 in Part 3. NOTE Confidence: 0.872808873653412 4b3461b6-4c84-4d25-b553-584eecdd92b7 01:06:35.220 --> 01:06:39.760 They have moved from a disavowal of monuments to an NOTE Confidence: 0.872808873653412 c36b7e1b-f80c-4ce2-9acc-4d5305fd458f 01:06:39.760 --> 01:06:43.846 acknowledgement of why they might actually be needed after NOTE Confidence: 0.872808873653412 c0880998-1b8d-4265-8b59-886597db724b 01:06:43.846 --> 01:06:49.294 all, then to a warning about the historical and personal costs of NOTE Confidence: 0.872808873653412 cfb71975-19d5-4a68-bd86-bddf8b1cecbe 01:06:49.294 --> 01:06:52.926 allowing false monuments to continue to stand unchallenged. NOTE Confidence: 0.893598854541779 e54cc012-3fc7-446c-bfd8-079d7e57f3f7 01:06:54.920 --> 01:06:59.330 These sonnets have proposed a variety of problems about memory NOTE Confidence: 0.893598854541779 e2d24674-5ab1-4a04-a8d0-4da996926133 01:06:59.330 --> 01:07:04.181 and forgetting, and they have not moved to the same resolution NOTE Confidence: 0.900272965431213 e30c7d54-fdae-4301-8cfc-3c6eec3c79b3 01:07:04.181 --> 01:07:07.620 twice. (If they had, there'd not be a need to write NOTE Confidence: 0.900272965431213 00be59ea-9311-41f7-9a99-2000969a6873 01:07:07.620 --> 01:07:08.364 more than one.) NOTE Confidence: 0.858553946018219 2572cc49-40b6-4cc0-9310-1dbf0d8b0f76 01:07:10.890 --> 01:07:14.832 None of these sonnets is satisfying. I don't mean NOTE Confidence: 0.858553946018219 8131579c-347a-43d1-a410-ef677550f67b 01:07:14.832 --> 01:07:19.650 they aren't good. In fact, I think they are more than NOTE Confidence: 0.858553946018219 5e485227-9941-49b3-a599-c65d7b25646c 01:07:19.650 --> 01:07:23.592 just good: they are great poems by a great poet. NOTE Confidence: 0.83786803483963 67c7af22-3616-4391-9973-24cc1de68692 01:07:25.300 --> 01:07:29.942 But they aren't satisfying in the typical way a sonnet like NOTE Confidence: 0.83786803483963 a5192f54-4ed2-4cf9-a761-0c5d76598da1 01:07:29.942 --> 01:07:34.162 Shakespeare's sonnet 130 is satisfying, because at the end of NOTE Confidence: 0.83786803483963 44d8c549-244f-4fac-ba6c-d00aa7238b95 01:07:34.162 --> 01:07:38.382 each one of Trethewey's sonnets, the problem doesn't seem solved. NOTE Confidence: 0.804514408111572 60705235-0cbe-4188-8626-36adaef2cade 01:07:39.220 --> 01:07:43.927 If anything, the problems Trethewey is tackling--namely, a NOTE Confidence: 0.804514408111572 bf1cee7d-ca35-4807-93cc-bc7a34ad506a 01:07:43.927 --> 01:07:49.680 variety of historical erasures--keep going past the lines of the NOTE Confidence: 0.785278975963593 19249d98-79cf-4341-8678-dcc314d39c47 01:07:49.680 --> 01:07:54.370 sonnets themselves. We haven't solved the problems NOTE Confidence: 0.785278975963593 d135dba8-ca4e-4e8c-b594-5bd9d61243f1 01:07:54.370 --> 01:07:56.194 Trethewey's sonnets confront. NOTE Confidence: 0.836170077323914 af515bc7-9572-499b-bd30-b0c58f8f7793 01:07:57.750 --> 01:08:01.728 And that's why these sonnets so perfectly encapsulate what NOTE Confidence: 0.836170077323914 cbdc6fc3-2dc5-4843-b5c4-998da64b91c3 01:08:01.728 --> 01:08:05.264 Trethewey is doing in this entire book. NOTE Confidence: 0.874140739440918 c1d93ada-25f0-4530-8621-b3f1eb3315a2 01:08:06.160 --> 01:08:10.802 Trethewey takes a form that is tailor-made for a problem- NOTE Confidence: 0.874140739440918 58beb4b5-af5b-4818-9d1a-384df59555aa 01:08:10.802 --> 01:08:15.022 resolution structure and then breaks the rules in order to NOTE Confidence: 0.874140739440918 0f7e2e00-0376-436c-bd95-b03ce2bc0edc 01:08:15.022 --> 01:08:17.976 highlight the problem's inability to be resolved. NOTE Confidence: 0.81407755613327 463d623b-1c69-4d50-8d45-ae38adf7a930 01:08:19.650 --> 01:08:23.826 Yet paradoxically, by the act of writing these poems, NOTE Confidence: 0.81407755613327 b80da44e-a0b6-4744-b8a2-ae955d6baedd 01:08:23.826 --> 01:08:28.930 Trethewey takes a step towards solving the problem she sets up. NOTE Confidence: 0.874640583992004 7e7381be-f26a-41dd-9713-2721d332b6b9 01:08:29.630 --> 01:08:33.416 She attempts to reverse historical erasure. NOTE Confidence: 0.835506200790405 406d4d9d-e5ef-42b7-abf5-70f2b52524c7 01:08:34.780 --> 01:08:39.279 In writing these sonnets and the rest of the book, Trethewey NOTE Confidence: 0.835506200790405 6ca212e7-b7e6-4509-b712-3a652ebd3e7f 01:08:39.279 --> 01:08:44.187 creates monuments to her mother, to the Native Guards, and to her NOTE Confidence: 0.835506200790405 3cef4183-1fd9-4607-bb9a-e0066fb9d1db 01:08:44.187 --> 01:08:47.868 own experience as a biracial southern poet, where there NOTE Confidence: 0.835506200790405 433adde9-0821-4170-aac6-57dbd3cff3de 01:08:47.868 --> 01:08:49.504 weren't any monuments before. NOTE Confidence: 0.832435071468353 7431985f-2fea-4c9e-af3d-825acbab19f7 01:08:50.370 --> 01:08:54.154 These sonnets are tiny poems about the size of a NOTE Confidence: 0.832435071468353 0a9ce2a4-dce3-4228-9659-430762d2098f 01:08:54.154 --> 01:08:57.250 playing card, but they are monuments that are as NOTE Confidence: 0.832435071468353 47f90322-212c-4280-aebd-506d79520630 01:08:57.250 --> 01:09:00.346 towering as any statue of a general on horseback. NOTE Confidence: 0.830015540122986 49efc109-4e9a-41b4-95c5-9e39add694c1 01:09:02.260 --> 01:09:04.188 Remember what Rossetti says? NOTE Confidence: 0.77875828742981 83415f56-b16e-4d3f-a55b-c7f2be761403 01:09:05.680 --> 01:09:08.440 "A sonnet is a moment's monument." NOTE Confidence: 0.825066149234772 570ad99d-9a70-4e0d-8d17-4185d75795db 01:09:10.170 --> 01:09:14.210 Trethewey's sonnets do indeed capture fleeting images and NOTE Confidence: 0.825066149234772 ca1688ad-d152-473d-bb89-9973ca4db456 01:09:14.210 --> 01:09:18.755 brief moments--but they also reach beyond those moments NOTE Confidence: 0.825066149234772 9060dbb1-0b26-4e20-ac12-d19849814526 01:09:18.755 --> 01:09:23.300 to speak to historical memory and to fight against NOTE Confidence: 0.825066149234772 51ef1a24-affd-4c20-ae7f-6a1ef207c4cc 01:09:23.300 --> 01:09:27.845 historical erasure. They are more than a moment's monument. NOTE Confidence: 0.813754498958588 dab92e5e-24e0-4080-a8e5-d6aef04a7334 01:09:29.820 --> 01:09:33.516 Let's not let Rossetti have the last word. I'll leave you with NOTE Confidence: 0.813754498958588 891536eb-6857-4aad-a58a-b848e0417f85 01:09:33.516 --> 01:09:37.520 some words from Trethewey that I hope you'll keep in mind as you NOTE Confidence: 0.813754498958588 8dff602d-7ae6-4e82-8004-7990c32930a8 01:09:37.520 --> 01:09:38.752 continue reading this book: NOTE Confidence: 0.89775162935257 10c542ad-4680-4260-b2ab-01d8ba0cf6df 01:09:39.940 --> 01:09:43.552 "A poem is a NOTE Confidence: 0.843840777873993 04b9e821-acb4-4259-8e8f-d0040257c8e4 01:09:43.552 --> 01:09:50.626 living monument--it lives and breathes each time it's NOTE Confidence: 0.843840777873993 6296f279-d145-4708-b619-63f61403782f 01:09:50.626 --> 01:09:52.630 spoken, read, heard." NOTE Confidence: 0.938579082489014 82705834-f8a3-4abc-964a-aff095c9d506 01:09:53.270 --> 01:09:53.890 Thank you.